Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease among Zamfara State Government Employees

Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease among Zamfara State Government Employees.

ABSTRACT

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become a common cause of death and disability in developing countries. According to the WHO it is expected that by 2020, 35% of all deaths in these nations will be due to CVD.

A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the workplace, among Zamfara state government employees. Five hundred and eighty one respondents were selected from 11 state Ministries.

Set of interviewers administered questionnaires  adopting the WHO step down approach  was adopted to collect subjects‘ socio demographic data and risk factors for CVD. Data were analyzed using Epi info versions 7.

Mean ages were 42 years, ± 8 years, and the overall prevalence of Hypertension was 19%, 42% for isolated systolic blood pressure,28% isolated diastolic blood pressure.

Systolic blood pressure positively correlates with age, years of smoking, diastolic BP, and total cholesterol levels (r=0.774, P=0.0000), (r=0.242, P=0.004153) (r=0.098, P. <0.005).

But negatively correlates with BMI (r = -0.326 P= 0.032102) Sitting at work for >6 hours was statistically associated with increased diastolic blood pressure (OR: 2.153; 95% CI: 1.38- 3.315) but not with systolic blood pressure.

However, knowledge of CVD, having first degree relatives with cardiovascular disease, taking fruits and vegetables daily, physical activities, cigarette smoking, adding extra salt to meal did not have significant effect.

The prevalence of systemic hypertension was 19%, isolated systolic blood pressure 42%, isolated diastolic blood pressure 28%, overweigh 63%, cigarette 26% smoking, dyslipidaemia 10%, abdominal obesity in females 56% and males 11% respectively.

Prevalence of Hypertension was consistent with the national NCD survey; however prevalence of overweight, abdominal obesity and cigarette smoking was higher than the national NCD survey.

Zamfara state civil service union should discourage long sitting hours in workplaces, and encourage overweigh and obese employees to lose weight.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page………. ii

Certification………… iii

Attestation…….. iv

Dedication……….. v

Acknowledgment…….. vi

Table of Content…… vii-ix

List of Tables……. x

List of Figures…………… xi

List of Acronyms… xii

Summary…………. xiii-xiv

CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background ……………………………… 1-2
1.2 Problem of Statement…………… 2-3
1.3 Justification for the Study………. 3-4
1.4 Research Questions…….. 4
1.5 General Objectives/Specific Objectives…………… 4
1.5.1 General Objectives……… 4

1.5.2 Specific Objectives………… 5

CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Literature Review………….……… 6-22

CHAPTER THREE – METHODOLOGY

3.1 Background of the Study Area… 23

3.2 Study Design………… 23

3.3 Study Population……. 23

3.3.1 Inclusion Criteria…………… 23

3.3.2 Exclusion… 24

3.4 Sample Size Determination………… 24
3.5 Sampling Technique……… 25

3.6 Study Instrument………. 25

3.7 Scoring of Cardiovascular Disease Knowledge and Modifiable Risk Factors… 26

3.8 Data Collection Method …………………… 26

3.9 Behavioral Risk Factor ……………. 26-29

3.10 Data Management ……… 30

3.11 Measurement of Variables ………….. 30

3.12 Statistical Analysis ……………… 31

3.13 Ethical Consideration …………. 31

3.14 Limitation ………………………….. 31

CHAPTER FOUR – RESULT

4.1 Table 1…… 32

4.2 Table 2………… 34

4.3 Table 3…………… 35

4.4 Table 4…………………. 36

4.5 Table 5…………………….. 37

4.6 Figure 6……………… 38

4.7 Figure 7…………………… 39

4.8 Table 8………… 40

4.9 Figure 9………… 41

4.10 Table 10……… 42

4.11 Table 11……………… 43

4.12 Table 12……… 44

4.13 Figure 13………… 45

4.14 Figure 14………….. 46

4.15 Table 15…….. 47-49

4.16 Table 16…………………… 51

CHAPTER FIVE – DISCUSSION

5.0 Discussion……… 52-58

CHAPTER SIX

6.1 Conclusion…………………… 59

6.2 Recommandation……… 60
REFERENCE …………………… 61-70

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Cardiovascular diseases are a group of disorder of the heart and blood vessels which include Coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism^.1

Cardiovascular diseases have reached a near epidemic proportion in Africa, according to WHO report 2002, ² The World Health Organization has reported that the number of disability adjusted life years lost to cardiovascular disease in sub-Saharan Africa rose from

5.3 million for men and 6.3 million for women in 1990 to 6.5 million and 6.9 million in 2000, and could rise to 8.1 million and 7.9 million in 2010.²

In the past four decades Africa has witnessed increasing urbanization and changing lifestyles, factors which have in turn raised the incidence of non-communicable chronic diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases.³

According to WHO 2002 report, Hypertension remains the most life threatening risk factor, with national prevalence‘s ranging between 15% and 30% in adults.

A study done in Nigeria has indicate that 5% of deaths could be due to hypertension and that the reduction in attributable risk associated with treatment could be 2%, over 10 times higher than in the United states.²

The usual risk factor of obesity, inappropriate diet, physical inactivity, smoking, heavy drinking are all relevant in Africa.

People often have multiple risk factors as shown in a recent publication from South Africa which reported 32.1% of men and18.9% of women over 30 had a 20% or higher likelihood of developing hypertension in the next 10 years.²

Another study in Gambia found that poor recording of demographic data hindered the smooth execution of a project for people with CVD disease.

REFERENCES

World Health Organization. Reduction of cardiovascular burden through cost- effective integrated management of cardiovascular risk: addressing hypertension, smoking cessation and diabetes. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2002 (unpublished document NMH meeting report, 9-12 July 2002). 4:44-147

Reddy   KS.   Cardiovascular   diseases   in   the   developing   countries :   dimensions, determinants, dynamics and directions for public health action. 2002; 5:231–7. 1. 1.

Reddy K. S. Cardiovascular disease in developing countries: dimensions, determinants, dynamics and directions for public health action. Public Health and Nutrition 2002; 5(23): 18. 1.

Mukadas AO, Misbau U. Incidence and Patterns of Cardiovascular Disease in North Western Nigeria. 2009; 50(3):55–7. 1.

Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics–2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association;127(1):e6–e245. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23239837 [Access 25 June 2013]