– Impact of Usaid/Markets Programmme on Sorghum Farmers’ Livelihood in Three Local Government Areas of Kaduna State Nigeria –
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ABSTRACT
The study was conducted in Soba, Giwa, and Kudan Local Government Areas of Kaduna State, Nigeria. It investigated the impact of USAID/MARKETS intervention programme on sorghum farmers‘ livelihood in the study area.
The study also investigated the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, it identified services rendered by the programme, production constraints and determined the factors influencing farmers‘ participation in the programme. A multi-Stage sampling technique was used to select respondents for the study.
A total of two hundred and forty five respondents comprising of one hundred and fifty three (153) participants and ninety two (92) non-participants were interviewed with aid of structured questionnaire which vital information was obtained.
Analytical tools used were both descriptive (frequency distribution, percentages and mean) and inferential statistics (logit regression and chow test statistical tool). The results of the analysis obtained shows that Majority (62%) of the respondents participants and (61%) of the non-participants were within the age range of 40-49 years. Almost all the respondents were married with just few singled.
More also, about (16%) of the participants and (67%) of the non- participants had no formal education, while (73%), (28%) of the participants non- participants attended primary and secondary schools with only (11%) and (4%) of the participants and non- participants who attended tertiary institutions.
The study revealed that participants benefited from support services rendered by the programme: training on improved sorghum production practices, technical assistance on quality input/field visits, and market linkages ranked 1st, 2nd, 3rd, respectively, among the participants‘ farmers.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content Page
Title page ……………………………. i
Declaration ………………….. ii
Certification ……………………………………… iii
Dedication …………………. iv
Acknowledgements ….. v
Table of contents …………….. vi
List of Tables ………………….. xi
List of Figures ………………. xii
List of Appendices ………….. xiii
Abstract ……………….. xiv
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION ……………………… 1
1.1 Background to the Study…………….. 1
1.2 Problem Statement …………………. 3
1.3 Objectives of the Study …………… 5
1.4 Justification of the Study ………………. 5
1.5 Research Hypotheses ……………. 6
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sorghum Crop …. 7
2.1.1 Sorghum production in Nigeria 8
2.1.2 Sorghum adaptation to environmental conditions . 9
2.1.3 Sorghum breeding and selection ….. 10
2.1.4 Sorghum processing and utilization ….. 10
2.2 Importance of Sorghum Crop to Nigeria …. 11
2.3 Nutritional Value of Sorghum Grain …… 13
2.4 Uses of Sorghum Grain in Nigeria ……. 14
2.5 Socio-Economic Characteristics of Sorghum Farmers ….. 16
2.6 USAID MARKETS in Nigeria . 18
2.6.1 MARKETS conceptualization ……… 18
2.6.2 Aims and objectives of MARKETS … 19
2.6.3 Mode of operation of USAID/ MARKETS ….. 19
2.6.4 USAID/ MARKETS beneficiaries.. 20
2.7 The Concept of Livelihood ……………………. 21
2.7.1 Strategies of livelihood enhancement ………………. 22
2.7.2 Determinants of livelihood …………… 22
2.7.3 Household livelihood security concept ……………………………………………………. 23
2.7.4 Challenges of livelihood enhancement ……………………………………………………. 25
2.8 Constraints Associated with Farmers‘ Participation in Agricultural Developmental Programmes 25
2.9 Theoretical Framework …. 28
2.9.1 The theory of social change ……… 28
2.10 Conceptual Framework … 30
2.10.1 Concept of participation……….. 30
2.10.2 Concept of impact evaluation ……… 32
2.11 Conceptual Model …….. 34
CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY……………….36
3.1 The Study Area …….. 36
3.2 Sampling Procedure and Sampling Size….39
3.3 Method of Data Collection …………….. 40
3.4 Analytical Tools ……………… 41
3.4.1 Descriptive statistics: ……………………. 41
3.4.2 Logit Regression Model………. 41
3.4.3 Chow test statistics………………………………… 43
3.5 Definition and Measurement of Variables ………….. 44
3.5.1 Independent variables ……………………………….. 44
3.5.2 Dependent variable ……………… 46
3.5.3 Outcome Variables (Impact of participation on livelihood) ………… 46
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……………… 47
4.1 Socio-Economic Characteristics of Sorghum Farmers …………. 47
4.1.1 Age distribution of sorghum farmers ………………………. 47
4.1.2 Sex of sorghum farmers …………………………… 47 ix
4.1.3 Marital status of sorghum farmers …………… 48
4.1.4 Household size of sorghum farmers ………… 48
4.1.5 Educational level of sorghum farmers ………. 49
4.1.6 Farming experience of sorghum farmers ……… 49
4.1.7 Farm size by sorghum farmers………… 50
Marital status ……………………………….. 51
4.1.8 Numbers of extension visit received …………………….. 52
4.1.9 Membership of cooperative society ………… 52
4.1.10 Access to credit for sorghum farmers …………… 53
4.2 Logit Regression Estimates of Factors that Influence Participation of Sorghum Farmers in the USAID MARKETS Programme … 54
4.3 Support Services Provided by USAID/ MARKETS Programme to Sorghum Farmers …. 57
4.4 Impact of USAID/ MARKETS Programme on Livelihood of Sorghum Farmers …. 58
4.4.1 Impact of USAID/ MARKETS programme on output of sorghum farmers in the study area ….. 59
4.4.2 Impact of USAID/ MARKETS programme on income of sorghum farmers in the study area ……… 60
4.4.3 Impact of USAID/ MARKETS programme on level of living of sorghum farmers ………. 62
4.5 Constraints Faced by Sorghum Farmers in the Study Area …….. 64
CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary…. 66
5.2 Conclusions …………………………….. 68
5.3 Recommendations ………………………. 68
5.4 Contribution of the Study to Knowledge ………………. 69
REFERENCES …………….. 71
INTRODUCTION
Agriculture has been an important sector in the Nigerian economy in the past decades and is still a major sector despite the oil boom. Basically it provides employment opportunities for the teeming population, eradicates poverty and contributes to the growth of the economy.
Despite these however, the sector is thus characterized by low yields, low level of inputs and limited areas under cultivation (Izuchukwu, 2011). It involves small scale farmers scattered over wide expanse of land area, with small holding ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 hectare per farm land.
It is characterized by rudimentary farm systems, low capitalization and low yield per hectare (Kolawale and Ojo, 2007). Agriculture provides primary means of employment for Nigeria and accounts for more than one third of total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and labour force in 2009 (Ismaila et al., 2010).
The Contribution of agriculture to Nigeria‘s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which stood at an average of 56% in 1960-1964 decreased to 47% in 1965-1969 and a further decline to 35% was recorded in 2002-2004 and with crop production accounting for an estimated 85% of this total.
The agricultural sector provides a livelihood for the bulk of the rural population (Amaza and Maurice, 2005); provides up to 70% active labour force (Olatunji, 2002; Bello, 2004; Ayinde, 2008), supplies raw materials required by the industrial sector and generate foreign exchange through export.
REFERENCES
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Abdullah, A. Y., Sambo, I. J., Sani, Y. A., Omenesa, Z. E., Sani, B. M., Bello, I. and Usman, S. (2012). Profitability of sorghum production in Ikara Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Agricultural Society of Nigeria. 99-102.
Adewuyi, A. I. and Okunmadewa, F. Y. (2001) Economic efficiency of crop farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria. Journal of Nigerian Agricultural Development Studies. 2(1):45-57
Abgamu, J. U., Facjita, Y., Idowu, I. And lawal, A. (1996). Effects of socio-economic Factors on Adoption of New Varieties of Maize and Cassava. A case Study of Ogun State in Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Development Studies. 6(2): 8-16.
Ajala, M. K., Gefu, J. O. And Mohammed, A. K. (2004). Constraints associated with small ruminant production in Giwa Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Tropical Journal of Animal Science. 7(2): 87-89.12
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