Comparison between Calculated and Measured Entrance Skin Dose of Common Radiographic Procedures in Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi.
ABSTRACT
The Entrance Skin Dose (ESD) for common radiographic examinations of forty (40) patients was measured prospectively at the Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi using lif thermo-luminescent dosimeter (TLD) chips.
The examination comprised ten (10) the patient’s each of the chest, abdomen, pelvic, and lumbar-sacral regions. The mean esds obtained by lif TLD for Chest X-ray (PA), Plain Abdomen, Lumbar Spine (AP) and Pelvic (AP) were 0.50 mgy, 0.20 mgy, 0.80 mgy, 0.70 mgy respectively.
The mean esds determined by mathematical formulae of Edwin and mccoullough (1970), Edmonds (1984), Arun Kumar et al. (1991), Chougule and Hussain (1993) and Pratik Kumar et al. (1996) for Chest X-ray were 0.50 mgy, 0.80 mgy, 0.30 mgy, 0.30 mgy and 0.60 respectively.
The mean esds for Plain Abdomen byedwin and mccoullough (1970), Edmonds (1984), Arun Kumar et al. (1991), Chougule and Hussain (1993) and Pratik Kumar et al. (1996) were found to be 3.00 mgy,5.00 mgy, 2.00 mgy, 1.70 mgy, 4.00 mgy respectively.
The mean esds for Lumbar Sacral by Edwin and mccoullough (1970), Edmonds (1984), Arun Kumar et al. (1991), Chougule and Hussain (1993) and Pratik Kumar et al. (1996) were 8.00 mgy, 11 mgy, 5.00 mgy, 4.00 mgy, 8.00 mgy respectively and the mean esds for Pelvic X-ray (AP) by Edwin and mccoullough (1970), Edmonds (1984), Arun
INTRODUCTION
Life on earth has developed with ever-present background radiation. It is not a new thing invented by the wit of man; radiation has always been there (Hall, 2012). Radiation is a fact of life. It is all around us all the time, hence, we live in a naturally radioactive world.
Radiation could be defined as the energy that travels through space or matter in form of electromagnetic waves or photons or streams of radioactive particles (IAEA, 2005; Bushberg et al., 2002). Radiation can either be non-ionizing or ionizing, depending on its ability to ionize matter.
Non-ionizing radiation does not produce ionization or ions in the medium through which it passes. It has enough energy to move atoms in a molecule around or cause them to vibrate, but not enough to remove them. Examples of non-ionizing radiation include visible ray, infrared rays among others.
Ionizing radiation is a kind of radiation that is capable of transferring energy to the atoms of the material which it interacts with, changing their physical state and leaving them electrically charged or ionized. Ionizing radiation is categorized by the nature of the particles or electromagnetic waves creating the ionizing effect.
Ionizing radiation has different ionization mechanisms, and may be grouped as directly or indirectly ionizing. Directly ionizing are those that carry a charge and can, therefore, interact directly with atomic electrons through coulomb forces (IAEA, 2005; Bushberg et al., 2002).
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