– The Effect of Oil Palm Fiber and Oil Palm Fiber Ash on the Strength of Concrete –
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ABSTRACT
Oil palm fibre (OPF) and oil palm fibre ash (OPFA) is a by-product from the oil industry. They are waste in landfills. The oil palm fibre was well dried until it was spontaneous and oil palm fibre ash was sieved through 200 mesh (75μm).
The oil palm fibre (OPF) and oil palm fibre ash (OPA) were differently added to concrete composition mixture of 0.25% and 0.5% by weight of concrete sample Pf1 contained OPF while sample PF2% OPFA while sample PA2 contained 0.5% OPFA.
The properties of sample were compared with ordinary portland cement concrete (OPCC) as controlled sample (CS), Po. A total 30 cubes with 150mm x150mmx150mm dimension were prepared in fire groups according to a particular mix proportions.
The composition mixture rate for water cement (w/c) ratio is 0.5, sand-cement (S/C) ratio is 2.24, aggregate-cement (A/C) ratio is 3.82 and target density is 2556kg1m3. Then, the samples were cured under water curing condition for the periods of 7, 14 and 28 days before testing.
The result on samples P0 , PF1 , PF2 , PA1 , and PA2 on slump test were obtained 80,70,62,78,70,78 respectively, on density were 8565, 8565, 7795, 8670,8475, respectively and on compressive strength were 28.50, 29.03,22.58,29.20,29.82 respectively.
The result obtained showed that the sample PF2 had the lowest compressive strength and density. Through the observation, PF1, PF2 , PA1 and PA2 showed lower early strength gain but is satisfying improvement of strength as the study increased. PA2 had the highest compressive strength.
The study demonstrated that pozzolanic material (OPA) increases strength in concrete in a long run and oil palm fibre is good for the production of high-weight concrete.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Declaration i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of content vi
CHAPTER ONE
- Introduction – 1
1.2 Background of the use of oil palm fiber in concrete 2
1.3 Problem Statement 4
1.4 Aim 5
1.5 Objectives 5
1.6 Scope of Research 6
1.7 Significance of Study 7
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Introduction to Concrete 9
2.2.1 Historical Development of Concrete 10
2.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Concrete 10
2.2.3 Composition of Concrete 11
2.2.4 Portland Cement 11
2.2.5 Chemical Characteristic of Portland cement 12
2.2.6 Water 12
2.2.7 Fine Aggregates 13
2.2.8 Coarse Aggregates 13
2.2.9 Method of Curing 13
2.2.10 Properties of fresh Concrete – 13
2.2.11 Workability of Concrete 14
2.2.12 Properties of Hardened Concrete 15
2.3 Oil Palm Fiber (OPF) 15
2.3.1 Introduction to Oil Palm Fiber (OPF) – 15
2.3.2 Different Types of Fiber Reinforced Concrete 16
2.3.3 Fiber Reinforced Concrete – Mono fiber 16
2.3.4 Types of Fiber 17
2.3.5 Steel Fiber 17
2.3.6 Glass Fiber 18
2.3.7 Polymer Fiber – 19
2.3.8 Coir Fiber 19
2.3.9 Natural Fiber – 20
2.3.10 Hybrid Fibers 22
2.4 Oil Palm Fiber Ash 23
2.4.1 Introduction of Oil Palm Fiber Ash 23
2.4.2 Types of Ash – 24
2.4.3 Saw Dust Ash – 24
2.4.4 Fly Ash – 24
2.4.5 Coal Ash 25
2.4.6 Oil Palm Fiber Ash (OPFA) – 25
2.5 Additives (Admixture) 26
2.5.1 Introduction to Additives (Admixture) 26
2.5.2 Retarding Admixtures – 26
2.5.3 Hydration-Control Admixtures 26
2.5.4 Alkali- Aggregate Reactivity (ASR Inhibitors) 27
2.5.5 Coloring Admixtures (Pigments) – 27
2.5.6 Damproofing Admixtures – 28
2.5.7 Permeability-reducing Admixtures – – 28
2.5.8 Bonding Admixtures – – 28
2.5.9 Grouting Admixtures – – 29
2.5.10 Fungicidal, Germicidal, and Insecticidal Admixtures 29
2.5.11 Storing and Dispensing Chemical Admixtures – 29
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 30
3.2 Materials and Methods – 30
3.2.1 Ordinary Portland cement 30
3.2.2 Fine Aggregate 30
3.2.3 Coarse Aggregate 32
3.2.5 Water 32
3.2.6 Oil Palm Fiber 32
3.2.7 Oil Palm Fiber Ash- – 33
3.3 Mix Proportions – 33
3.3.1 Method of Design 33
3.3.2 Casting and Curing 34
3.3.3 Experimental Programme 35
3.3.4 Workability Test 35
3.3.5 Mechanical Strength Studies 36
3.3.6 Compressive Strength Test 37
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Test on Fresh Concrete 38
4.1.1 Slump Test 38
4.2 Test on Hardened Concrete 39
4.2.1 Compressive Strength 40
4.2.2 Density 41
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusions 44
5.2 Recommendations 45
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
Concrete is probably the most extensively used construction material in the world. Its usage is around 10 billion tons per year, which is equivalent to 1 ton per every living person.
Even though this material in being used as a modern material concrete has been in use for hundreds of years, Concrete is a tremendously popular structural material due to its low cost and carries off fabrication of construction. (Mannan M. A, 2004).
Concrete is a relatively durable and tough building material, but it can be severely weakened by poor manufacture or a very aggressive environment.
A member of historic concrete structure exhibits problem that are related to their date of origin. Their problem can be solved by application of polymer in concrete constructions, (Lee, 2007).
As the constituents of concrete come from stone, people have always thought that concrete has the same quality and will last forever.
However, concrete must be thought of as a distinct material to stone. It has its own characteristics in terms of durability, weathering and repair (Neville, et al, 1987).
According to Amla K. S and Devdas M. (2000), concrete is defined as a composite material that consisted essentially of a binding medium, such as a mixture of port land cement and water, within which were embedded particles or fragments of aggregate, usually a combination of fine and coarse aggregate.
Concrete is by far the most versatile and most widely used for construction material worldwide. It could be engineered to satisfy a wide range of performance specification, unlike other building materials such as natural stone or steel, which generally had been used in construction.
Nowadays, properties of concrete require improvement due to high rise structure and the neglect of other construction materials in both the fresh and hardened states, certain chemical products are added to the materials, this chemical are called additions (Mehta et al, 2001).
REFERENCES
AASHTO, “Portland cemen concrete resistant to excessive expansion caused by Alkali-silica reaction,” http://leadstates.tamu.edu/ASR/library/gspec.stm, American Association of state Highway and transportation officials, Washington, Dic. ., 200184, pp 319–336.
Abdul Awal (1998). A Study of Strength and Durability Performance of Concrete containing Pal Oil Fuel Ash, PhD Thesis, UTM Skudai. 1177-1180.
Abdul Khalil, H.P.S, Siti Alwani, M. and Mohd Omar, A.K. (2006). Chemical Composition, Anatomy, Lignin Distribution and Cell Wall Structucture of Malaysian Plant Waste Fibers. BioResources.1(2), pp 220-232.
ACI committee 318, Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary, ACI 318-02, American concrete instidtute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 2002.
ACIEA, chemical and air- Entraining Admixtures for concrete, ACI education Bulletin No. E4-96, American concrete institute, Farmington Hills Michigan, 1999.
Ahmed Budiea (2008). Study on Durability of High Strength Palm Oil Fuel Ash POFA Concrete, Master Thesis. UTM Skudai.
Ahmed, S., Elahi A. Barbhiya S. A., Farid Y. (2012)
Aldred, ja,es M., “HPI concrete, concrete international, America concrete institution, Farmington Hills, Michigan, November 1988.
Alnahhal, W. and Aref, A. (2008). Structural performance of hybrid fiber reinforced polymer–concrete bridge superstructure systems, Composite Structures Vol.
Amar K., Mohanty, ManjusriMisra and Lawrence T. Drzal (2005). Natural fibers, biopolymers and biocomposites, CRC Press.
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