– The Effect of Glyphosate Mycodegradation on Some Soil Physico-Chemical Parameters –
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ABSTRACT
Bioaugmentation involves using a consortium of microorganisms to depollute an impacted medium.
Bioremediation of pollutants by natural attenuation requires no human intervention, whereas the implementation of accelerated and controlled biotreatment-based processes may be directed to exploiting microbial technology and bioprocess engineering to optimize the rate or extent of pollutant degradation.
Upon the foregoing, a study was undertaken to ascertain the comparative effects of fungal degradation of glyphosate on some physicochemical properties of soil using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD).
In this attempt, five Treatments were used viz: T1 (Fungi+herbicide+plant), T2 (No fungi+Herbicide+plant), T3 (Fungi-Herbicide+plant), T4 (Fungi+herbicide+plant) and T5 ().
The results indicated that the addition of fungal strains imparted a significant difference (P=0.05) in organic matter content and pH of the studied soils when compared with the control.
However, the mean value of exchangeable acidity, ECEC, textural properties and electrical conductivity in the soil were not significantly affected by the application of Treatments.
The fungal isolates employed in this research further imprints some promises as eco-friendly and economical alternatives in managing the problems associated with the use of conventional herbicides.
KEYWORDS: Glyphosate, Herbicides, Bioaugmentation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page – i
Certification – ii
Dedication – iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Contents v
Abstract – ix
List of Figure x
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction – 1
1.1 Background of study – 1
1.2 Contamination with Pesticides 3
1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Study 4
1.4 Statement of the Problem 5
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review – – 6
2.1 Degradation or Breakdown Processes in the Soil- 10
2.2 White Rot Fungi 11
2.3 Bioremediation by White Rot Fungi- 12
2.4 Factors Affecting Bioremediation by Fungi 13
2.4.1 Soil Types – 14
2.4.2 Soil Moisture – 15
2.4.3 Temperature 16
2.4.4 Soil pH – 18
2.4.5 Soil Salinity – 18
2.4.6 Soil Organic Matter – – 19
2.4.7 Cation Exchange Capacity 20
2.4.8 Base Saturation 21
2.5 Effect of Bioremediation on Plant Nutrition 22
2.5.1 Nitrogen 22
2.5.2 Phosphorus -23
2.5.3 Potassium 24
2.5.4 Magnesium 24
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and methods 25
3.1 Sterilization of Glasswares/ surface Sterilization 26
3.2 Preparation of Culture Media 26
3.3 Isolation of Fungi – 27
3.4 Research Site 28
3.5 Laboratory Methodology 31
3.6 Soil Sample Preparation 32
3.7 Particle Size Analysis by the Hydrometer Apparatus Method 33
3.8 Determination of Organic Matter by Walkley-black Wet Oxidation Method 34
3.9 Determination of Soil pH by the Glass Electrode pH Meter 34
3.10 Determination of Exchangeable Acidity by IN KCI – 35
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT
4.1 Particle Size – 37
4.1.1 Sand – 37
4.1.2 Silt 37
4.1.3 Clay – 39
4.2 Physico-Chemical Properties of the Soil 39
4.2.1 pH 39
4.2.2 Organic Matter 41
4.2.3 Base Saturation 41
4.2.4 Electrical Conductivity 43
4.2.5 Exchangeable Acidity 43
4.2.6 Effective Cation Exchange Capacity 45
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Discussion 74
5.2 Conclusion 50
5.3 Recommendation 50
References
Appendix
INTRODUCTION
Background of Study
Pesticides are any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest (insects, rodents, nematodes, fungus, weeds and other forms of terrestrial or aquatic plant or animal (Mishra et al, 2001).
Pesticides are directly toxic to pests, having indirect effects on soil microorganisms as well as soil properties (Mishra et al, 2001).Mishra et al, (2001) observed that physico-chemical properties of the soil, nature of substrates and environmental degradation determine the persistence of pesticides in nature.
Excessive persistent and biological active residues endanger non-target organisms, prove hazardous and make the pest control operation uneconomical.
In recent times there has been a steady increase in the number and amount of residues of pesticides in our food and soil (Behera and Mishra, 2001). While pesticides serve useful purposes, concern has been expressed regarding their possible effect on the environment.
Persistence of pesticides in soil depends on their dose as much as on the characteristics of the soil, such as physicochemical properties, structure, temperature and moisture (Brusch, 2010).
The toxic effect of pesticides on humans and the environment can be direct or indirect. One of the possible side-effects of using herbicides involves some disturbance of the biochemical processes occurring in soil (Digrak and Ozcelik, 1998).
Active substances found in many herbicides may hamper the rate of a series of biochemical processes, interfering with the soil enzymatic activity and microbial growth.
Modifications in the count and activity of microorganisms may lead to upsetting the biological equilibrium of soil, which in turn depresses its fertility.
All these considerations emphasize the importance of studies on the effect of pesticides on the biological activity of soil (Braschiet al., 2000), and particularly on soil enzymes, which can serve as a good indicator of the impact of pesticides on soil metabolism.
REFERENCES
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Brady, N.C. (1990). The Nature and Properties of Soils. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York: New York, pp, 1-4.
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Burns, R.G. (1975). Factors Affecting Pesticide Loss from Soil. In: Paul, E.A. and McLaren, A.D. (Eds). Soil Biochemistry. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, USA., pp: 103-141. Chemosphere; 45: 417-425.
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