– Interactions of some Cytokines and Haemostatic Parameters in Pregnant Women Infected with Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in Imo State –
Download Interactions of some Cytokines and Haemostatic Parameters in Pregnant Women Infected with Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in Imo State project materials: This project material is ready for students who are in need of it to aid their research.
INTRODUCTION
Malaria, a condition caused by infestation with Plasmodium parasite specie, is a major public health problem globally especially in developing countries causing considerable morbidity and mortality especially in sub Saharan Africa where it accounts for up to 1 million death per annum (Murray et al., 2012).
Nigeria contributes the highest burden to global malaria morbidity and deaths, recording 25% of global malaria cases and about 30% of global malaria deaths (Tolu, 2016).
Pregnant women are vulnerable to malaria infection. Malaria during pregnancy is a substantial public health problem in endemic tropical countries, especially sub Saharan Africa.
It has been estimated that approximately 125 million pregnant women live in malaria endemic areas in sub Saharan Africa and 32 million of these pregnant women are at risk of malaria (Dellicour et al., 2010; Desai et al., 2007).
Pregnant women are at high risk of being infected with malaria owning to the ability of the parasite to adhere to trophoblastic villous epithelium and sequester in the placenta which could eventually lead to poor pregnancy outcome (Suguitan et al., 2003).
it is estimated that over 200,000 infants die annually in sub-Saharan Africa as a result of their mother becoming infected with malaria during pregnancy (Steketee et al., 2001). Malaria during pregnancy can lead to maternal and foetal adverse effects, mainly anaemia, cerebral malaria, hemorrhage and low birth weight.
Cytokines are low molecular weight regulatory proteins that are secreted by many cells of the immune system in response to a number of stimuli.
They are involved in virtually all physiological responses in the body and are key players in coordinating immune responses between cells, by binding to a variety of receptors and to induce cell-specific immune responses. They are secreted by many cells of the immune system in response to a number of stimuli.
REFERENCES
Anis, B. (1971). A new method of detecting Plasmodia. Milit. Med. 136 (1) 23-28.
Abbas A.K, Lichtman A.H, Pillai S., (2012). Cellular and molecular immunology (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 1437715281.
Arevalo-Herrera M, L. Quiñones M, Guerra C, Céspedes N, Giron S, Ahumada M, Piñeros JG, Padilla N, Terrientes Z, Rosas A, Padilla J.C, Escalante A, Beier J.C, Herrera S., (2011). Malaria in selected non-Amazonian countries of Latin America. Acta Tropica; 121(3):303-314.
Aris A, Lambert F, Bessette P, Moutquin J., (2008). Maternal circulating interferon- gamma and interleukin-6 as biomarkers of Th1/Th2 immune status throughout pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res;34:7–11.
Avital A, Goshen I, Kamsler A, Segal M, Iverfeldt K, Richter-Levin G, Yirmiya R., (2003). “Impaired interleukin-1 signaling is associated with deficits in hippocampal memory processes and neural plasticity”. Hippocampus. 13 (7): 826–34.
Ayanda, O. (2009). Relative abundance of adult female anophelines mosquitoes in Ugah, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Journal of Parasitology and Vector Biology, Vol. 1 (1) pp. 005-008.
Azuike, O. B. (1991). The diagnosis, treatment and prevention of malaria. Medicine Today 1(5): 26 – 30.
Ben Menachem-Zidon O, Avital A, Ben-Menahem Y, Goshen I, Kreisel T, Shmueli E.M, Segal M, Ben Hur T, Yirmiya R., (2011). “Astrocytes support hippocampal- dependent memory and long-term potentiation via interleukin-1 signaling”. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 25 (5): 1008–16.
Be the first to comment