Dermatoglyphic Patterns, 2D:4D, Hirsutism And Palmar Hyperhidrosis Among Selected Dialects of Igala Ethnic Group of Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
Dermatoglyphics refers to the formation of naturally occurring ridges on certain parts of the body such as palms, fingers, soles, and toes.
Hirsutism is the occurrence of excessive body hair in females on parts of the body where hair is normally minimal or absent, such as the face, chin, and chest. 2D:4D is the ratio between the length of the 2nd (index finger) and the 4th(ring finger) which varies due to exposure to androgen.
It is sexually dimorphic, as it has a lower value in males as compared to females. Palmar hyperhidrosis is also known as sweaty hands, it is a condition that involves excessive eccrine sweating in the palm. ATD angle is formed by the lines drawn from the digital tri-radius „a‟ to the axial tri-radius „t‟ and from this tri-radius to the digital tri-radius „d‟.
A study of the distribution of the Dermatoglyphicpattern, 2D:4D, hirsutism, and palmar hyperhidrosis among selected dialects of the Igala ethnic group was done in order to see their association with other anthropometric variables.
A cross-sectional study was conducted and a total of 602 subjects participated in this study, 322females and 280 males, which were secondary school students between the age range of 13-19years.
The subject’s fingerprint pattern was obtained by allowing them to place the tip of each finger on the stamp pad, which was then imprinted on the questionnaire. The palm print patterns were obtained with the digital camera (TECNO DP7CPRO).
The palm print pattern obtained was then printed out and the ATD triangle was measured at the point „t‟ using a protractor. The ridges were also counted for each digit with the aid of a hand lens, from the core to the delta. The degree of hirsutism was determined by the modified FerrimanGallway(F&G score).
The digit length was measured on the ventral surface of the hand from the basal crease of the finger up to the tip and the occurrence of palmar hyperhidrosis was determined in the subjects using the subjective method, the degree of sweating was observed and the subjects were also asked if they sweat on their palm and how often.
The study showed that the overall mean age of the subjects was 16.65± 1.75 years. Males have a higher occurrence of the arch for the I, II, and V right digits while females had more occurrence of the arch for the II andIV right digits.
Females have more occurrence of the loop for the I, II, and V right digits while males had a higher occurrence of the loop for the III and IV right digits, Females have the higher occurrence for whorl in all digits except the III right digit.
There was statistical significance for the II, III, and V right digits (p<0.05). Males have a higher occurrence of the arch for all fingers on the left except the index finger, females have a higher occurrence of the loop for all fingers except the left thumb.
Females also showed a higher occurrence of whorl fingerprint patterns in all fingers except the left ring finger, and there was a statistically significant difference forII, III, IV, and V fingers (p = 0.001) except for the left thumb where p= 0.155.
The result revealed that females with palmar hyperhidrosis have a higher occurrence of the arch for the II, III, and IV digits while females without palmar hyperhidrosis have a higher occurrence of the arch for the I and IV digit.
Females without palmer hyperhidrosis have a higher occurrence of the loop for all digits except the thumb and little fingers. Females with palmar hyperhidrosis have a higher occurrence of whorl fingerprint patterns on the I and V digits while females without palmar hyperhidrosis have a higher occurrence of whorl for the III and IV digits.
There was statistical significance for the III, IV, and V fingers (P<0.05). Females without palmer hyperhidrosis have higher arch fingerprint patterns for I, IV, and V digits while females with palmar hyperhidrosis have a higher occurrence of the arch for II, and III.
Females with palmar hyperhidrosis have a higher occurrence of loop fingerprint pattern for the II, IV, and V digits while females without palmer hyperhidrosis have a higher occurrence of the loop for the I and III.
Whorl fingerprint pattern has a higher occurrence in females with palmer hyperhidrosis for the I and III digits while it was higher in females without palmer hyperhidrosis for the II andIV digits.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Page…………………………………………………………………………………i
Fly page……………………………………………………………………………………ii
Title page…………………………………………………………………………………..iii
Declaration…………………………………………………………………………………iv
Certification…………………………………………………………………………………v
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………………vi
Dedication………………………………………………………………………………….vii
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………….viii
List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………….xii
List of Figures………………………………………………………………………………xiv
List of Plates………………………………………………………………………………..xv
List of Appendices…………………………………………………………………………xvi
List of Abbreviations………………………………………………………………………xvii
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………….xviii
1.0 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………..1
1.1 Background of theStudy………………………………………………………………1
1.2 Statement of Research Problem……………………………………………………….6
1.3 Justification of the Study……………………………………………………………….7
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study……………………………………………………………7
1.4.1 Aim of the study………………………………………………………………………7
1.4.2 Objectives of the study ……………………………………………………………….7
1.5 Hypothesis ……………………………………………………………………………..8
1.6 Scope of the Study…………………………………………………………..…………..8
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………………………….9
2.1. Development of Epidermal Ridges…………………………………………………..9
2.2 Patterns of Finger Prints………………………………………………………………9
2.3 PALM PRINT PATTERNS………………………………………………………….11
2.3.1 Overview of palm print pattern………………………………………………………..11
2.3.2 History of palm prints……………………………………………………………….12
2.3.3 Palmar regions………………………………………………………………………..12
2.3.4 Applications of the palm print……………………………………………………….17
2.3.5 Dermatoglyphics in health……………………………………………………………19
2.3.6 Dermatoglyphics in clinical medicine………………………………………………..20
2.4 Hirsutism………………………………………………………………………………23
2.4.1 Symptoms…………………………………………………………………………….23
2.4.2 Causes…………………………………………………………………………………..24
2.4.3 Prevalence…………………………………………………………………………….24
2.4.4 Pathophysiology of hirsutism……………………………………………26
2.4.5 Diagnosis of hirsutism…………………………………………………………………26
2.5 2D:4D……………………………………………………………………………………33
2.5.1 Geographical and ethnic variation of 2D:4D………………………………………….35
2.5.2 Correlation between digit ratios and various human trait…………………………….35
2.5.3 Measurements of digit ratio…………………………………………………………………………….36
2.6 Palmar Hyperhidrosis………………………………………………………………..37
2.6.1 Epidemiology………………………………………………………………………..39
2.6.2 Clinical Manifestations……………………………………………………………….39
2.6.3 Complications………………………………………………………………………..39
2.6.4 Management………………………………………………………………………….39
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD………………………………………………………42
3.1 Materials ……………………………………………………………………………….42
3.2 Methods…………………………………………………………………………………42
3.2.1 Fingerprint collection………………………………………………………………….42
3.2.2 Hirsutism………………………………………………………………………………45
3.2.3 2D:4D…………………………………………………………………………………45
3.2.4 Palmar hyperhidrosis…………………………………………………………………..47
3.2.5 Measurement of height and weight……………………………………………………49
3.4 Inclusion/ Exclusion Criteria………………………………………………………….51
3.4.1 Inclusion……………………………………………………………………………..51
3.4.2 Exclusion criteria……………………………………………………………………51
3.3 Location of Study………………………………………………………………………52
3.5 Ethical Approval ……………………………………………………………………..53
3.6Statistical Analyses …………………………………………………………………..53
4.0 RESULTS …………………………………………………………………………….54
4.1 Study Population…………………………………………………………………………..54
4.2 Anthropometric Variables with Sex………………………………………………….54
5.0 DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………………………92
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION………………………………………103
6.1 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………..103
6.2 Recommendations……………………………………………………………………..103
6.3 Contribution to knowledge……………………………………………………………104
REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………………106
APPENDICES …………………………………………………………………………….127
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Dermatoglyphics is the study of dermal ridges on finger balls, palms, and soles, with its qualitative and quantitative traits which are not adaptive and free from paratypic influences, it provides a pertinent area of research to the human population (Reddy and Reddy 2006).
The development of the ridges begins with the formation of pads in the fingers, and the interdigital, hypothenar, and thenar areas of the embryo‟s palm during the second month of intrauterine life (Rakik, 1988).
Epidermal ridges appear on the surface of the hands after the regression of the pads by the end of the fourth foetal month, when significant and critical growth of another ectodermal derivative, the brain is also taking place (Rakik, 1988; Danborno and Idris, 2007).
After this period, dermatoglyphic patterns remain unchanged. Although the presence of abnormalities in dermatoglyphics constitutes fossilized evidence of a prenatal insult that has occurred in the second trimester of prenatal life or before(Schaumann and Alter 1976; Babler, 1991).
Since dermatoglyphic traits appear to be evolutionarily conservative, it renders them more reliable for studies of the historical relationships of population components.
It is also useful as a tool for tracing individuals to particular populations. Fingerprints are highly variable and genetically influenced, they have important significance in forensic science, anthropology, ethnology, genetics, and medicine (Schaumann and Alter, 1976; Odokuma and Igbigbi, 2005).
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