Antiinflammatory Activity of the Fatty Seed Extract of Vitellaria paradoxa (Sapotaceae).
ABSTRACT
Fatty seed extracts of Vitellaria paradoxa (Sapotaceae), an indigenous plant of West Africa is a popular remedy for arthritis and swellings.
This study investigated the knowledge, prevalence and pattern of use of the fatty extract also known as shea butter in clinically diagnosed arthritic patients as well as its effects on acute (topical and systemic) and chronic inflammation in rodents.
The knowledge, prevalence and pattern of use were determined using pretested questionnaire in clinically diagnosed patients.
The antiinflammatory activity was studied using xylene-induced edema of the mouse ear, carragennan-induced edema of the rat paw, formaldehyde-induced arthritis and cotton pellet granuloma test in rats.
The result showed that of the 164 respondents, 94.1% know about shea butter and 59.6% have used it mainly as a massage ointment once or twice daily. However, 73.7% of the users combine this remedy with analgesics to achieve relief.
The pharmacological tests showed that topical application of shea butter inhibited the acute edema of the mouse ear. Oral administration also inhibited the development of systemic acute edema of the rat paw in a non-dose related manner.
The inhibitory effect was significant (p<0.05) within 1 h post administration of irritant. Twice daily topical application of shea butter inhibited the global edematous response to formaldehyde arthritis whereas once daily administration was not effective.
Shea butter also caused a significant (P<0.05) non-dose related inhibition of granuloma tissue growth on implanted cotton pellets.
These findings showed that shea butter possesses antinflammatory action for both acute and chronic inflammations and thus provide a scientific rationale for its use in treatment of disorders of inflammation in traditional medicine.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page……………………………………………………………………………………….. i
Certification …………………………………………………………………………………….. ii
Dedication ……………………………………………………………………………………… iii
Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………………………….. iv
Table of Content……………………………………………………………………………….. vi
List of Abbreviations………………………………………………………………………….. ix
List of Figures …………………………………………………………………………………. xi
List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………… xii
Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………….. xiii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Inflammation……………………………………………………………………… 1
1.2 Causes of Inflammation…………………………………………………………… 2
1.3 Types of Inflammation…………………………………………………………… 2
1.3.1 Acute Inflammation……………………………………………………………… 3
1.3.2 Chronic Inflammation…………………………………………………………….. 4
1.4 The Inflammatory Response……………………………………………………… 5
1.5 Mediators of Inflammation……………………………………………………….. 7
1.5.1 Plasma Derived Mediators………………………………………………………… 7
1.5.2.1
Cell Derived Mediators…………………………………………………………….
Lipid Derived Mediators…………………………………………………………8 10
1.6 Biomarkers of Inflammation……………………………………………………… 12
1.7 Disorders of Acute Inflammation…………………………………………………. 13
1.8 Disorders of Chronic Inflammation………………………………………………. 13
1.8.1 Arthritis …………………………………………………………………………… 14
1.8.1.1 Types of Arthritis………………………………………………………………….. 14
1.8.1.1.1 Non-inflammatory Arthritis………………………………………………………. 14
1.8.1.1.2 Inflammatory Arthritis……………………………………………………………. 15
1.9 Agents Used in Management of Inflammation/ Arthritis……………………….. 16
1.9.1 Non-steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs………………………………………….. 17
1.9.1.1 Non selective COX Inhibitors……………………………………………………….. 18
1.9.1.2 Selective COX -2 Inhibitors……………………………………………………. 20
1.9.2 Corticosteroids…………………………………………………………………… 21
1.9.4
Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs……………………………………….
Biological Disease Modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs)……………….21
1.9.5 Medicinal Plants………………………………………………………………….. 24
1.10 Botanical Profile of Vitellaria paradoxa……………………………………….. 26
1.10.1 Plant Taxonomy…………………………………………………………………. 26
1.10.2 Plant Description………………………………………………………………… 27
1.10.3 Geographical Distribution…………………………………………………………. 28
1.10.4 Ethnomedicinal Uses………………………………………………………………. 28
1.10.5 Literature Review………………………………………………………………………. 29
1.11 Aim and Scope of Study……………………………………………………… 30
CHAPTER TWO: MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.0 Materials and methods…………………………………………………………….. 31
2.1 Materials…………………………………………………………………………… 31
2.1.1 Animals……………………………………………………………….…………… 31
2.1.2 Chemical and Solvents…………………………………………………………….. 31
2.1.3 Drugs………………………………………………………………………………. 31
2.1.4 Equipment…………………………………………………………………………. 31
2.1.5 Patients…………………………………………………………………………….. 32
2.1.6 Shea butter…………………………………………………………………………. 32
2.2 Methods……………………………………………………………………………. 32
2.2.1 Data collection…………………………………………………………………….. 32
2.2.2 Pharmacological tests…………………………………………………………… 33
2.2.2.1 Systemic acute inflammation of the rat paw…………………………………….. 33
2.2.2.2 Topical acute edema of the mouse ear…………………………………………. 33
2.2.2.3 Formaldehyde induced arthritis in rats………………………………………….. 34
2.2.2.4 Cotton pellet induced granuloma in rats……………………………………………… 35
2.2.3 Statistical analysis………………………………………………………………. 36
CHAPTER THREE: RESULTS
3.0 Results……………………………………………………………………………… 37
3.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents……………………………………… 37
3.2 Respondents’ knowledge of their disease Condition………………………………. 37
3.3 Respondents’ knowledge and use of shea butter………………………………….. 37
3.4 Effects of shea butter on systemic acute inflammation………………………… 48
3.5 Effects of shea butter on topical acute inflammation…………………………………. 48
3.6 Effects of shea butter on experimental arthritis………………………………… 48
3.2.4 Effects of shea butter granuloma formation…………………………………………. 48
CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
4.0 Discussion and conclusion………………………………………………………………. 53
4.1 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………….. 53
4.2 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….. 56
References………………………………………………………………………………………. 57
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Inflammation
Inflammation is a defensive response that begins after cellular injury which may be caused by microbes, physical agents (burns, radiation, and trauma), chemicals (toxins, caustic substances), necrotic tissues and/or immunological reaction (Villarreal et al., 2001).
It is also defined as a reactive state of hyperemia and exudation from blood vessels with consequent redness, heat, swelling and pain which a tissue manifests in response to physical or chemical injury or bacterial invasion (Macdonald, 1988).
It is a condition involving localized increase in the number of leucocytes and variety of complex mediator molecules (Santosh et al., 2010).
The history of inflammation is as old as man’s existence in this planet. Today, it is recognized that inflammation is far more complex than might first appear from the simple definitions given above.
It is a major response of the immune system to tissue damage and infection, although not all infection gives rise to inflammation (Punchard et al., 2004).
Therefore, inflammation is also the innate immune system response to attack on the body and a major and complex reaction of the body against infection upon tissue injury (Khan et al., 2010).
REFERENCES
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Akihisa, T., Kojima, N., Katoh, N., Ichimura, Y., Suzuki, H., Fukatsu, M., Maranz, S., Masters, E.T. (2010). Triterpene alcohol and fatty acid composition of shea nuts from seven African countries. J. Oleo. Sci. 59(7):351-360.
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Ampofo, O. (1983). “First aid in plant medicine”.Ghana rural reconstruction movement, Annual Report.
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