The Phenomenology of Jets in Astrophysics

The Phenomenology of Jets in Astrophysics.

ABSTRACT

The phenomenology of jet in astrophysics was studied. Analytical methods were used to obtain an equation for describing jet motion.

From the analysis, we understood that β_T  > 1, where β_T is the apparent jet velocity along the observers line of sight. The observed motions of the components show curvatures and changes in velocity.

Curved trajectories are due to observed perpendicular acceleration, while variations in velocity are due to changes in apparent parallel acceleration.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page      i

Certification      ii

Dedication      iii

Acknowledgements     iv

Abstract   vi

Table of Contents      vii

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of study    1

1.2     Astrophysical Jets       2

1.3     The Family Tree of Astrophysical Jets   4

1.4     Relativistic Jets 6

1.5     Galaxies          7

1.5.1  The Classification of Galaxies     8

1.5.2  Galaxy Formation          12

1.5.2. Evolution of the Galaxy           14

1.6     AGN jets       14

1.7     Active galactic nuclei   18

1.7.1  Classification of AGN   18

1.8     Phenomenology of AGN    20

1.9     Black holes      21

1.10   Accretion Disk     23

1.10.1 Definition and Evidence      23

1.11   Aims and objectives       26

1.11.1 Aim                 26

1.11.2 Objectives         26

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     A Brief History of Galaxy Formation     27

2.1.1  Galaxies as Extragalactic Objects   27

2.1.2  Cosmology         29

2.1.3  Structure Formation          33

2.1.4  The Emergence of the Cold Dark Matter Paradigm   38

2.2     Galaxy formation          44

2.2.1  Monolithic Collapse and Merging      44

2.2.2  The Role of Radiative Cooling  47

2.2.3  Galaxy Formation in Dark Matter Halos       48

2.3     The origin of the bright knots  51

2.3.1  YSO jets              51

2.3.2  AGN and microquasar jets       54

2.4     AGN jets composition   56

2.5.    Black holes observation         57

2.5.1  Observational Evidence for Black Holes in AGN   57

2.5.1.1 Optical and IR data         58

2.5.1.2 VLBI radio data      58

2.6     X–ray observations       60

2.7     History of Superluminal Motions         63

CHAPTER THREE ANALYSIS

3.1     superluminal motion    66

   3.2     Analysis of the formation of an astrophysical jet       70

   3.3     Conclusion     74

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1     Phenomenology         75

4.2     Explanation of the phenomenon  78

4.3     Derivation of apparent velocity 83

4.4     Some contrary evidence            86

4.5     Laser ranging         87

4.6     Special relativity          87

4.6.1 Observational effect       87

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1     Conclusion       91

References   93

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INTRODUCTION

Astrophysical jets are observed in the Universe in a large variety of environments and under a wide range of sizes and powers.

They are generated in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and YSOs, can travel up to a few thousands of Megaparsecs, and reach the largest powers observed in the Universe (up to ∼10⁴⁷⁻⁴⁸ erg s⁻¹), (Zanni et al., 2003; Godfrey and Shabala, 2013).

Astrophysical jets can be found in giant molecular clouds, emanating in the vicinities of young stellar objects (YSOs), and reaching distances of some parsecs (Reipurth and Bally, 2001).

They are also located near neutron stars in galactic X-ray binary star systems, such as GRS 1915 + 105 that behave as microquasars generating relativistic jets (Fender, 2004). Astrophysical jets can be found in the asymptotic giant branch (post-AGB) stars as well in pre-planetary and planetary nebulae.

Opposite, precessing jets are observed in the SS433 binary source, leading to a peculiar phenomenology (Frank, 2011).

A jet-like structure is observed, at X-ray energies, inside the Crab Nebula departing from the embedded pulsar (Hester, 2008). Finally, jets can be at the base of the phenomenology of gamma-ray bursts, observed at the highest radiation energies that are still elusive phenomena because of their extreme distances (Granot, 2007).

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