Design of A Trunk Gas Pipeline Using Geographic Information System (Gis)

– Design of A Trunk Gas Pipeline Using Geographic Information System (Gis) –

ABSTRACT

supply has been a problem for a long time in Nigeria, especially in the Northern States where alternatives like are not available.

A complete analysis of the capacity underutilization of the industries in Kano and Kaduna was carried out and found that only 41.24% of the required power is supplied to these locations as of September 2005.

The remaining 58.76% will have to be provided by other sources of power generation mostly by the use of generators.

While this energy is taking place, a large volume of natural gas is flared in the Nigerian Nigerdelta area with around 2.5 billion SCF, being flared daily representing an annual economic loss to the country of about $2.5billion.

This work reports on the design ofgas pipeline extension from Ajaokuta-Kaduna-Kano. Trunk Gas Pipeline cost and some aspects of Engineering Design were carried out using Geographic Information System (GIS).

The important design parameters obtained are the volume of gas flow rate per day Q as 2.1573 *107ft3/day, total pipe length was 552.024 km while the pipe internal diameter was found to be 16.4inches.

The nominal wall thickness and stresses inside the pipeline were found to be 0.36 inches and 27963.1336psia respectively, while the design pressure was 740 psia.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION —————————————————————iv
CERTIFICATION ————————————————————–v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT —————————————————- vi
ABSTRACT——————————————————————— vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ——————————————————v
LIST OF TABLES ———————————————————— xii
LIST OF FIGURES ———————————————————–xiii
ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ————————————- xv
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ————————————– 1
1.1 Energy and Economic Development ——————————————— 1
1.2 Design of Gas transport pipelines ————————————————- 3
1.3 Statement of Research problem ————————————————— 5
1.4 Research Objectives—————————————————————– 6
1.5 Research Justification ————————————————————– 6
1.6 Scope of Research——————————————————————- 6
1.7 Research Limitations —————————————————————6
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ————————— 8
2.1 Gaseous Hydrocarbons ————————————————————– 8
2.2 Disposal of evolved gases ———————————————————– 9
2.3 Methods of evolved gas disposal ————————————————— 9
2.3.1 Flaring ——————————————————————————— 10
2.3.1.1 Sources of flared gases ————————————————————- 10
2.3.1.2 Flare systems ———————————————————————— 11
2.3.1.3 Types of flaring ——————————————————————— 12
2.3.1.4 Effects of Natural gas flaring —————————————————– 13
2.3.1.5 Natural gas flaring in Nigeria —————————————————– 14
2.3.1.6 Why gas is flared in Nigeria (flared gas management: SPDC approach) — 14
2.3.2 Re-injection ————————————————————————– 17
2.3.3 Liquefaction ————————————————————————–18
2.4 Oil and gas gathering systems —————————————————– 20
2.5 Separation of gas from oil ———————————————————–21
2.6 Separation of water and solids from oil —————————————— 23
2.7 Field pipelines ———————————————————————– 23
2.8 Transport of natural gas ———————————————————— 23
2.9 Design of oil and gas pipelines —————————————————- 26
2.10 Trunk gas pipeline design ———————————————————–27
2.10.1 Codes and standards —————————————————————- 28
2.10.2 Hydraulics —————————————————————————- 28
2.10.2.1 Preliminary pipeline design —————————————————— 58
2.10.3 Steps taken during pipeline routing using GIS ——————————– 65
2.10.4 Costing —————————————————————————— 66
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS—————71
3.1 Materials and Methods ————————————————————-71
3.1 Materials —————————————————————————–71
3.2 Methods —————————————————————————– 71
3.2.1 Consideration of legal aspects and incentives offered by the government – 71
3.2.2 Carrying out a market survey for the determination of flow rate (Q) per day- 71
3.2.3 Determination of pipeline length (L) and hydraulic profile using Geographic Information System (GIS)——- 72
3.2.4 Determination of internal diameter (d) and pipeline thickness (t) ———- 77
3.2.5 Economic evaluation ————————————————————– 78
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS —————-79
4.1 Results and Discussions ———————————————————– 79
4.1.1 Legal aspects and incentives offered by the government ——————— 79
4.1.2 Market survey and flow rate (Q) determination ——————————– 79
4.1.3 Determination of length of the pipeline (L) and hydraulic profile using
Geographic Information System (GIS) —————————————— 80
4.1.4 Determination of internal diameter (d) and pipeline thickness
(t) ———– 96
4.1.4.1 Pipe internal diameter ————————————————————–96
4.1.4.2 Pipeline wall thickness (t) ———————————————————96
4.2 Economic analysis —————————————————————–103
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS—————106
5.1 Conclusions ————————————————————————-106
5.2 Recommendations ——————————————————————106
References ————————————————————————————108

INTRODUCTION

Energy and as the world enters the new millennium, it has become something of a self-imposed obligation among nations to preserve and utilize efficiently nature’s valuable reserves.

Nations are developing new strategies and solutions in the way they go about utilizing . A typical example is the Nigerian Government’s commitment to eliminate gas flaring by the year 2010.

Flaring is the controlled of gas that cannot easily be processed or sold. It is often viewed as a safe and economical means of disposing of excess flammable, toxic, or corrosive vapors to less objectionable compounds by combustion.

It is estimated that more than a 100billion cubic meters of gas are vented worldwide annually. That is enough fuel to cover the combined annual gas consumption of Germany and France. It was estimated that by 2002 flaring in Nigeria had contributed to more greenhouse gases to the Earth’s than all other sources in Sub Saharan Africa combined–and yet this gas is not being used as fuel.

It is estimated that over a 3.5billion standard cubic feet (SCF) of associated gas was produced in 2000 of which more than 70% was burnt off i.e. flared.

As has increased has become the World’s biggest gas flares, both proportionally and absolutely, with around 2.5 billion SCF, a day being flared.

REFERENCES

Nigeria Gas Company (NGC) (2002). Natural Gas Utilization in Nigeria. p.1, 9, 12,13, TOG Printing Press, 19, Hospital Road Port Harcourt, Nigeria..
Adedeji, B. S. Paper at Customer Forum Organised by Gaslink Nigeria Limited inLagos. Punch (Thursday) January 1, 2004 pg. 42.
Ageh, E. A., Akpan, O.U. and Okoro, J. C. (1999). Flared gas Management: SPDCsApproach. In: Kuye, A., Ekpo, O., and Ikpekri B. (Ed) Natural Gas: The Energy forthe Next Millenium. pp.1- 11. Procedings of the 29th annual Conference of theNigerian Society of Chemical Engineers held in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 1999.Proceedings Series No. 29, 01-12, Port Harcourt.
Antaki, G. and Antaki, A. A. (2003). Piping and Pipeline Engineering: Design,Contruction, Maintenance, Integrity and repair. Marcel Dekker pp. 82-83, 323, 427,493.
Appah D. and O. U. Kalu. (1999). Improving Management of Natural Gas ReservesThrough Economic evaluation of Project. In: Kuye, A., Ekpo, O., and Ikpekri B. (Ed)Natural Gas: The Energy for the Next Millenium. pp.1- 11. Procedings of the 29thannual Conference of the Nigerian Society of Chemical Engineers held in PortHarcourt, Nigeria, 1999. Proceedings Series No. 29, 157-168, Port Harcourt.

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