ABSTRACT
The root bark extract of Afzelia africana was tested for activities in-vivo. The acute toxicity of the extract was tested in mice and the result showed that the extract
has low . Investigation on the phytochemical constituents of the plant revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, steroids and saponins.
The plant extract was tested for antidiabetic activities in alloxan – induced diabetic mice at doses; 62.5 mg/kg, 125 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg over a period of 6 hours.
The extract was found to have antidiabetic activity. Optimum activity was noted at the of 250 mg/kg and 6 hours post treatment.
The antidiabetic activity of the extract did not differ significantly (p>0.05) from that of glibenclamide.
Column and thin layer chromatography revealed the presence of five fractions in the plant extract with fraction 3 found to be the active fraction.
The free radical scavenging activity of the active fraction determined by in- vitro DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl 2-picryl hydrazine) and FRAP (Fehling’s reducing antioxidant power) Methods revealed that it has an antioxidant activity.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page – – – – – – – – i
Certification page – – – – – – – ii
Dedication – – – – – – – – iii
Acknowledgement – – – – – – iv
Abstract – – – – – – – v
Table of contents – – – – – – – vi
List of tables – – – – – – – ix
List of figures – – – – – – – x
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Statement of the problem – – – – – 2
1.2 Research objectives – – – – – – 2
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Definition of Diabetes mellitus – – – – 3
2.2 Classification of Diabetes mellitus – – – 3
2.3 Other types of Diabetes mellitus – – – – 4
2.4 Symptoms of Diabetes mellitus – – – – 4
2.5 Causes of Diabetes mellitus – – – – – 6
2.6 Prevention of Diabetes mellitus – – – – 7
2.7 Complications of Diabetes mellitus – – – 9
2.8 Diagnosis of Diabetes mellitus – – – – 9
2.9 Management of Diabetes mellitus – – – – 10
2.10 Mechanisms of action of Antidiabetic Compound – 11
2.11 Identification of Afzelia africana plant – – – 14
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Plant collection and identification – – – – 17
3.2 Materials – – – – – – – 17
3.3 Methods – – – – – – – 19
3.3.1 Preparation of plant extract – – – – 19
3.3.2 Acute Toxicity Test- – – – – – 19
3.3.3 Dose Response Effect – – – – – 20
3.3.4 Phytochemical Analysis – – – – – 20
3.3.5 Fractionation of the Plant Extract – – – 22
3.3.6 Thin Layer Chromatography – – – – 24
3.3.7 Antidiabetic activities of the Fraction – — – 25
3.3.8 Estimation of Antioxidant Activities of Fraction 3 of Afzelia africana – – – – – – 25
3.3.9 Phytochemical analysis of the active fraction – 26
3.3.10 Statistical Analysis – – – – – 28
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS
4.1 The Extract – – – – – – – 29
4.2 Phytochemical Analysis – – – — – 29
4.3 Acute Toxicily Test – – – – – – 29
4.4 Dose Response Effect – – – – – 29
4.5 Column and Thin Layer Chromatography – – 29
4.6 Antidiabetic Activities of the Fractions – – – 29
4.7 Phytochemical Analysis of the Active Fraction – – 30
4.8 The Antioxidant Activities of the Active Fraction by DPPH and FRAP Methods – – – – – -30
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION – – – – 41
CONCLUSION – – – – 43
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes (as it will be in this article) was first identified as a disease associated with “sweet urine”, and excessive muscle loss in the ancient world.
An elevated level of blood glucose (hyperglycemia) leads to spillage of glucose into the urine, hence the term sweet urine.
It is a metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels, either, because the body does not produce enough insulin or because the body cells do not properly respond to insulin that is produced (Rother, 2007).
Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas. Its primary function is to transport glucose to cells. When the blood glucose is elevated (for example after eating food), insulin is released from the pancreas to normalize the glucose level.
If this function cannot be met as in diabetic cases glucose accumulates in the blood leading to many complications (Rother, 2007).
The discovery of a role for the pancreas in diabetes is generally ascribed to Joseph Von Mering and Oskar Minkowski, who in 1889 found that dogs whose pancreas were removed developed all the signs and symptoms of diabetes and died shortly afterwards (Von Mering and Minkowski, 1890).
The classical symptoms of Diabetes mellitus are polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia and weight loss (Cooke and Plotnick, 2008). Diabetes mellitus is a relatively common endocrinopathy in dogs and cats.
It is more important in these species, though it has been reported in horses, dairy cattle, pigs and sheep (Aiello et al., 1998). In dogs and cats, most spontaneous cases occur in middle aged animals.
In dogs, females are affected twice as often as male and the incidence appears to be increased in certain breeds of dogs such as miniature poodles, Dachshunds, Shnauzers, Terriers and Beagles, but any breed may be affected (Aiello et al., 1998).
REFERENCES
Agbelusi G. A. Odokoya O. A., Otegbeye A. F. (2007). In vitro screening of chewing stick Extracts and sap on oral pathogens: Immune compromised infection. Biotechnology, 6(1): 97-100.
Aiello S.E (1998). The Merck Veterinary Manual, 8th Ed, Merck and Company Inc. NJ, U.S.A, pp 394-396.
Akah P.A., Okpi O, Okoli C. O. (2007). Evaluation of the Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antimicrobial activities of Afzelia africana. Niger. J. Nat. Prod Med,. 11:48-52.
Arlan R and Janet H (2003). Type 2 Diabetes in children and adolescents: A Clinician’s Guide to Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis,. Prevention, and Treatment. American Diabetes Association.U.S.. pp.1.
Ataodi S.A (2005). Comparative In vitro trypanocidal activities of petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and aqueous extracts of some Nigeria savannah plants. Afr. J. Biotechnol, 4(2): 177-182.
Bantle J.P., Wylie-Rosett J, Albright A.L. (2006). Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes- 2006: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care, 29(9):2140-57.
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