– Assessement of Infant And Young Child Feeding Practices And Nutritional Status of Children (0-23 Months) In Funtua Local Government Area, Katsina State, Nigeria –
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ABSTRACT
Appropriate feeding practices are essential for the nutrition, growth, development and survival of infants and young children.
Assessment of infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices and nutritional status of children (0-23 months) in Funtua Local Government Area, Katsina State was carried out which incorporated qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques.
Data was obtained using pretested semistructured questionnaire with weight and length taken, in addition to their serum mineral status (Iron, Zinc, Copper and Calcium) using standard methods.
Results indicated that early initiation of breastfeeding was practiced by 82.4% whereas exclusive breastfeeding was very low (5.1%) and continued breastfeeding up to two years was practiced by 60.6% of the respondents in the study area.
Proportion of children that had minimum dietary diversity were low (5.3%) with minimum meal frequency of 38.8 and 5.3% for breastfed and non-breastfed children respectively, while Iron rich or iron fortified foods were consumed by 21.2% of the respondents and minimum acceptable diet for breastfed and non-breastfed was 4 and 8.3% respectively.
Nutritional status of the children indicates stunting (55.7%), wasting (25.3%) and underweight (49.1%) showed significant correlation with breastfeeding practices.
Serum minerals level of iron and zinc were low in 76% and 54% of the children respectively, as well as serum copper (69%) and calcium (60%). Haemoglobin and Packed Cell Volume were less than the recommended levels (≥11mgldL and ≥33% respectively).
TABLE OF CONTENT
Tittle………………i
Declaration ……………….. ii
Certification … iii
Dedication ….. iii
Acknowledgments….. v
Abstract … vi
Table of content … vii
List of tables.. xi
List of figures ……… xii
List of plates………. xiii
List of appendices ……. xiv
List of abbreviations and acronyms .. xv
CHAPTER ONE
1.0INTRODUCTION………… 1
1.1 Background of the Study ………. 1
1.2 Statement of Research Problem…. 3
1.3 Justification …….. 3
1.4 Aim and Objectives… 4
1.4.1 Aim…………. 4
1.4.2 Specific Objectives of the work ……. 4
1.5 Null Hypothesis ……….. 5
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ……… 6
2.1 Preamble to feeding practices … 6
2.2 Feeding Practices ……. 7
2.2.1 Breastfeeding ……… 7
2.2.2. Early Initiation of Breastfeeding…. 8
2.2.3 Exclusive Breastfeeding……… 9
2.2.4 The Status and Benefits of Complementary Feeding Practices . 11
2.3 Conceptual Framework of Malnutrition ……. 12
2.4 Maternal Demographic and Socio-economic Status Characteristics in relation to Child‟s Nutritional Status….. 13
2.5 Nutritional Status of Children in Relation to Feeding Practices .. 14
2.6 Mineral Status … 14
2.6.1 Iron ….. 15
2.6.2 Zinc …. 16
2.6.3 Copper .17
2.6.4 Calcium …. 18
2.7 Haemoglobin (Hb) and Packed Cell Volume (PCV). 18
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS …… 19
3.1 Materials/Equipment …….. 19
3.1.1 Equipment…………19
3.1.2 Chemicals……….. 19
3.1.3 Study Area…….. 19
3.1.4 Study population ………. 20
3.1.5Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria……. 20
3.2 Methods………. 21
3.2.1 Study Design and Sampling Procedure…….. 21
3.2.2 Sample Size……. 21
3.2.3 Ethical Approval …22
3.2.4 Data collection ……… 22
3.2.5 Anthropometric Measurement..22
3.2.6 Survey Questionnaire…………23
3.2.7 Blood Sample Collection ……. 23
3.3 Mineral Analyses …….. 24
3.3.1 Determination of Serum Iron ……. 24
3.3.2 Determination of Serum Zinc …. 24
3.3.3 Determination of Serum Copper … 25
3.3.4 Determination of Serum Calcium ……. 25
3.4 Haematological Analyses…….. 26
3.4.1 Haemoglobin and Packed Cell Volume ….26
3.5 Statistical Analysis . 26
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS ….. 27
4.1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Caregivers of Children (0-23 months) ….. 27
4.2 Infant and Young Child Feeding Practice Indicators of Children 0-23 months .. 30
4.3 Nutritional Status of Children 0-23 months in Funtua Local Government Area Katsina State……….. 33
4.4 Association between feeding practice indicators and Nutritional Status of Children 023 months in Funtua Local Government Area Katsina State. …. 37
4.5 Mineral status (Fe, Zn, Cu and Ca), Haemoglobin and packed cell volume of Children (0-23 months)….. 37
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION ……….. 41
CHAPTER SIX
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS …… 47
6.1 Conclusion ………… 47
REFERENCES…49
APPENDICES ……….. 59
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Nutritional status is the state of the body with respect to each nutrient, body size and overall condition (WHO, 2013). It is a powerful factor in promoting health, preventing and treating diseases (WHO, 2013).
Nutritional status affects immune response and response to medical therapies (Fieldman et al., 2010).
Globally, almost seven million children under the age of five die every year, and undernutrition directly or indirectly accounts for about 35% of all the deaths among these children (WHO, 2012).
The risk factors of malnutrition are multifaceted and complex, these include poverty, seasonal supply of food, gender inequality, poor infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices, limited access to healthcare, unsafe drinking water and poor sanitation (WHO, 2012).
In Nigeria, an estimated 60% of all child deaths in the country are attributable to underlying malnutrition that results from poor infant and young child feeding and hygiene practices (FMOH, 2012).
REFERENCES
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Akira, A., Sumiko, Y., and Akio, N. (1989). Sensitive, direct colometric assay for Copper in serum. Journal of Clinical Chemistry, 35(4): 552-554.
Allen, J. I., Kay, N. E., and McClain, C. J. (1981). Severe zinc deficiency in human‟s association with reversible T lymphocyte dysfunction. Annual International Medcine. 9(5):154-157.
Allen, L.H. (2001). Micronutrients: 2020 Focus five Health and Nutrition Emerging and Reemerging Issues in Developing Countries. Brief 10 of the International Food Policy Research Institute.
Allen, L. (2006). Guidelines on Food Fortification with Micronutrients. World Health Organization.
Geneva Amegah, T. A. (2009). The Influence of Socio-Economic and Nutritional Characteristics on ChildGrowth in Kwale District of Kenya. African Journal of Food Agriculture Nutrition and Development, 9(7): 1570-1590.
Anderson, G.J. and McLaren, G. (2012). Iron physiology and pathophysiology in humans. Nutrition and Health,2(5):485-487.
Anjana, P. and Dattatreya, D. B. (2015). Assessment of Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices Among under-3 years Children in Urban Slums of Hubballi city. International Journal of Medical Research and Health Science, 4(4):763-767
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Bhargav A., Bouis H.E., and Scrimshaw, N.S (2001). Dietary intakes and socioeconomic factors are associated with the hemoglobin concentration of Bangladeshi women. Journal of Nutrition, 13(1):758–764.
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