Assessment of Oil Extracts from Tiger Nut(cyperus Esculentus), Water Melon (Citrullus Vulgaris) Andneem Seeds (Azadirachta Indica) As Cutting Fluids in Drilling Operation of Mild Steel
ABSTRACT
In this study, three vegetable cutting fluid namely: Tiger nut, water melon seed and neem seed were selected in drilling operation of mild steel using High Speed Steel (HSS) cutting tool at varying spindle speeds, feed rate and constant depth of cut.
A commercially available convectional mineral oil was used as standard for comparative analysis. Flood method of cutting fluid application was adopted at the cutting zone for the cutting fluids, dry drilling environment was equally subjected to the same cutting parameters as the cutting fluids.
The viability of these selected oil as cutting fluids were examined based on reduction in temperature generation, surface finish value and characteristics of chips produced.
The results indicated that performance of selectedoil as cutting fluid in term of surface quality was best with water melon seed having 1.6µm surface roughness while conventional mineral oil was having 2.2µm at the same feed rate of 0.05 mm/rev, dry drilling condition was having 4.2µm as the highest value at this stated feed rate.
The chips produced shows that all the cutting fluids were having segmented chip which is a good morphology at lower spindle speed but dry drilling environment was having 75% of its chip continuous, with substantial portion being burnt.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover page………….i
Title Page………..…ii
Declaration………iii
Certification……..iv
Dedication…….…..v
Acknowledgements………vi
Abstract……….vii
Table of Contents……..viii
List of Tables………..xii
List of Figures……….xiii
List of Plates………..…xiv
Appendix………..xv
List of Abbreviations and Symbols………xvi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………………………..1
1.1 Background to the Research…………………………………………………………………………………….1
1.2 Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………………………………………………1
1.3 Aim and Objectives………………………………………………………………………………………………..2
1.4 Significance of the study …………………………………………………………………………………………3
1.5 Project Scope ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3
1.6 Justification for the Research……………………………………………………………..3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………………………………………………………………….5
2.1 Introduction to Cutting fluids…………………………………………………………………………………….5
2.1.1 Types of Cutting fluids………………………………………………………………………………………….6
2.1.2 Functions of Cutting fluid………………………………………………………………………………………7
2.1.3 Properties of Cutting Fluids………………………………………………………………………………….7
2.1.4Selection of suitable Cutting fluid…………………………………………………………………………….8
2.1.5 Tool Life …………………………………………………………………………………………………………10
2.1.6 Taylor‟s Tool Life Formula ………………………………………………………………………………..10
2.2 Cutting fluids application methods …………………………………………………………………………..11
2.3 Drilling operation…………………………………………………………………………………………………12
2.3.1 Metal Cutting Parameters ………………………………………………………………………………….14
2.3.2 Process involved in drilling operation ………………………………………………………………….16
2.3.3 Operation performed in drilling …………………………………………………………………………17
2.3.4 Classification of drilling machine ……………………………………………………………………….17
2.3.5 Drills……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..20
2.3.6 Effects of cutting fluids on drilling process…………………………………………………………..21
2.4 Drilling parameters…………………………………………………………………………………………..21
2.4.1 Cutting Speed …………………………………………………………………………………………………21
2.4.2 Feed ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..22
2.4.3 Depth of cut……………………………………………………………………………………………………22
2.4.4 Material Removal Rate …………………………………………………………………………………….22
2.4.5 Cutting Time ………………………………………………………………………………………………….23
2.5 Methods of Extraction of Vegetable Oil……………………………………………………………..24
2.5.1 Traditional Extraction of Seed oil ……………………………………………………………………..24
2.5.2 Mechanical Expression of Seed oil ……………………………………………………………………24
2.5.3 Solvent Extraction of Seed oil…………………………………………………………………………..25
2.6 Description of Vegetable plants under Investigation …………………………………………….26
2.6.1 Water Melon seeds …………………………………………………………………………………………26
2.6.2 Neem seeds……………………………………………………………………………………………………26
2.6.3 Tiger nuts ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..26
2.7 Review of Past Works……………………………………………………………………………………..27
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS, EQUIPMENT AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE………………….29
3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………29
3.2Materials………………………………………………………………………………………………………………29
3.3 Equipment…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..30
3.4 Experimental Procedures……………………………………………………………………………………….32
3.4.1 Process for Extracting Vegetable oil …………………………………………………………………..32
3.4.2 Preparation of Conventional Soluble oil „Mobilcut 102‟ ………………………………………..34
3.4.3 Physiochemical analysis of the oil ……………………………………………………………………..34
3.4.3.1 Percentage Yield……………………………………………………………………………………………..34
3.4.3.2 Refractive Index ……………………………………………………………………………………………..35
3.4.3.3 Relative Density ……………………………………………………………………………………………..35
3.4.3.4 Acid Value …………………………………………………………………………………………………….35
3.4.3.5 Saponification Value ……………………………………………………………………………………….36
3.4.3.6 Iodine Value …………………………………………………………………………………………………..36
3.4.3.7 Peroxide Value ……………………………………………………………………………………………….37
3.4.3.8 Viscosity ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….38
3.4.4 Chemical Composition of Metal Using Optical Emmission Spectrometer …………………38
3.4.5 Procedure for drilling Operation ………………………………………………………………………..39
3.4.6 Surface Roughness Measurement ………………………………………………………………………43
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION …………………………………………………………………………….45
4.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………..45
4.2 Result …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..45
4.2.1Chemical composition of Workpiece material…………………………………………………………..45
4.2.2 Physico-Chemical properties of Cutting Fluids under Evaluation……………………………….46
4.2.3 Percentage Yield of Vegetable oil……………………………………………………………………..46
4.2.4 Graphical representation of the result……………………………………………………………………..47
4.3 Discussion of Result ……………………………………………………………………………………….51
4.3.1 Variation of spindle speed with temperature on all the cutting fluids and dry drilling
environment………………………………………………………………………………………………………..51
4.3.2 Variation of spindle speed with chip thickness on all the cutting fluid and dry drilling
environment ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….51
4.3.3 Variation of spindle speed with Surface Roughness on all the cutting fluid and dry
drilling environment …………………………………………………………………………………………….52
4.3.4 Variation of Feed rate with Surface Roughness on all the cutting fluid and dry drilling
environment ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….52
4.3.5 Morphology of produced chips at specified spindle speed for the selected plant cutting
fluid, convectional soluble oil and dry drilling environment ………………………………………..53
4.3.6 Percentage Yield of the Vegetable seed under Evaluation …………………………………………54
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION………………………………………………………55
5.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………….55
5.2 Recommendation …………………………………………………………………………………………………56
5.3 Contribution to Knowledge ……………………………………………………………………………………57
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………58
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………………………………………………….65
INTRODUCTION
Machining is the manufacturing process by which parts can be produced to the desired dimensions and surface finish from a blank by gradual removal of excess material in the form of chips by the help of sharp cutting tools.
Engineering components are however subjected to one form of machining or another during manufacturing, thus the application of a cutting fluid is very essential.
Cutting fluid also known as metal working fluid, coolants, cutting oils, machining fluids or lubricants, are fluids used in manufacturing industries as coolants and lubricants, designed specifically for metal working and machining processes.
Cutting fluids are used to reduce the negative effects of heat and friction on both tool and workpiece. Historically, the use of cutting fluids in metal cutting was first reported by F. Taylor in 1894.
He observed that cutting speed could be increased up to 33% without reducing tool life by applying large amounts of water in the cutting zone (Avila and Abrao, 2001).
The cutting fluids produce three positive effects in the process of machining, heatevacuation, lubrication on the chip–tool interface and chip removal (Lopez et al., 2006).
REFERENCES
Abdallah, H.S. and Patel, S (2006). “The Performance and Oxidation Stability of Sustainable
Metal-working Fluid Derived from Vegetable Extracts”. Proceedings of the Institution
of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Engineering Manufacturing 220: 2027-2040
Akinhanmi, T.F., Akintokun, P.O., and Atasie, V.N., (2008). Chemical composition and
physiochemical properties of cashew nut. J. Agric. Food. Environ. Sci., 2, 4-8.
American Society for Metal (ASM) Hand book (1972). Metal Park, Ohio, Vol III, (8thed).
USA.
Anil, J. (2012).Analysis of Tool Wear Rate in Drilling Operation using Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM). Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and
Engineering, Vol. 11, No.1, pp.43-54.
AOAC (2002). Official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical
Chemists(14th ed.), Arlington.
AOCS (1992). Official methods and recommended practices of the American Oil Chemists
Society (4th ed.), Champaign, American Oil Chemists‟ Society, USA.
Aremu, M. O., Ibrahim, H., and Bamidele, T. O. (2015).Physicochemical Characteristics of
the Oils Extracted from Some Nigerian Plant Foods – A Review. Journal of Chemical
and Process Engineering Research Vol 32
Be the first to comment