Co-infection of Schistosoma Haematobium and Escherichia Coli in Pupils Attending some Selected Schools in Zaria, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
This study was designed to investigate co-infection of Schistosoma haematobium and Escherichia coli in pupils attending some selected primary schools in Zaria, Nigeria.
A total of 520 urine samples were collected from the pupils and were analyzed for ova of Schistosoma haematobium and also the urines were also cultured for Escherichia coli.
The ova of Schsitosomiasis was determined using the standard centrifugation method. E,coli was isolated using Cystiene Lactose Electrolyte Deficient (CLED) Agar and was subcultured on Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) Agar.
IMVIC biochemical test were carried out on the isolates. Further biochemical test was carried out to confirm the isolates were Escherichia coli.
Antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out on the E,coli isolate using disk diffusion method. The prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium was 20.4%, Escherichia coli was 4.6% and the coinfection was 4.6%.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Page…………………………………………………………………………………………i
Fly Leaf……………………………………………………………………………………………ii
Title Page…………………………………………………………………………………………iii
Declaration………………………………………………………………………………………..iv
Certification……………………………………………………………………………………….v
Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………………vi
Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………vii
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………….viii
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………….x
List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………….xv
List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………………xvi
List of Appendices………………………………………………………………………………xvii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………….1
1.1 Background of the Study…………………………………………………………………1
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem…………………………………………………….3
1.3 Justification of the Research…………………………………………………………….4
1.4 Aim………………………………………………………………………………………..5
1.5 Objectives………………………………………………………………………………….5
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………………….6
2.1 Urinary Tract Infections…………………………………………………………………6
2.2 Clinical Manifestations of Urinary Tract Infection……………………………………6
2.2.1 Asymptomatic bacteriuria…………………………………………………………………7
2.2.2 Cystitis…………………………………………………………………………………….7
2.2.3 Acute pyelonephritis………………………………………………………………………8
2.3 Escherichia coli……………………………………………………………………………8
2.4 Classification/Taxonomy…………………………………………………………………9
2.5 Habitat…………………………………………………………………………………..10
2.6 Cell Structure and Physiology…………………………………………………………11
2.7 Pathogenesis of Escherichia coli……………………………………………………….11
2.8 Enteric/diarrhoea E. coli……………………………………………………………….11
2.8.1 Enteropathogenic E. coli…………………………………………………………………12
2.8.2 EnterohaemorrhagicE. coli……………………………………………………………….12
2.8.3 Enterotoxigenic E. coli……………………………………………………………………13
2.8.4 Enteroaggregative E. coli…………………………………………………………………13
2.8.5 Enteroinvasive E. coli……………………………………………………………………14
2.8.6 Diffused adherent E. coli…………………………………………………………………14
2.9 Uropathogenic E. coli……………………………………………………………………14
2.9.1 Virulence factors…………………………………………………………………………15
2.9.2 Mannose-sensitive adhesins………………………………………………………………19
2.9.3 Toxin genes………………………………………………………………………………23
2.10 Taxonomy of Shistosoma haematobium ………………………………………………26
2.11 Structure…………………………………………………………………………………27
2.12 Life cycle and biology of the worm…………………………………………………….27
2.13 Transmission and Risk Factors for Infection…………………………………………30
2.14 Persistence, Latency, and Natural History of Infection………………………………30
2.14.1 Persistence………………………………………………………………………………..30
2.14.2 Latency and Natural History……………………………………………………………..31
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………………………32
3.1 Study Area………………………………………………………………………………32
3.2 Sample Size………………………………………………………………………………32
3.3 Ethical Approval………………………………………………………………………..33
3.4 Administration of Questionnaire………………………………………………………33
3.5 Sample Collection……………………………………………………………………….33
3.6 Laboratoty Examination of Urine Sample………………………………………………..33
3.6.1 Examination for the Ova of Schistosoma haematobium………………………………………….33
3.6.2 Preparation of Media for the Growth of Escherichia coli…………………………………………………..34
3.7 Cultivation of Escherichia coli…………………………………………………………………35
3.7.1 Isolation of E. coli………………………………………………………………………..35
3.7.2 Gram staining…………………………………………………………………………….36
3.7.3 Biochemical Characterization of E. coli…………………………………………………37
3.8 Confirmation of E. coli using Microgen™ GnA-ID Kit………………………………37
3.9 Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing……………………………………………………….38
3.9.1 Measurement of diameter of the inhibition zone…………………………………………39
3.9.2 Multi-drug resistance index………………………………………………………………39
3.10 Statistical Analysis………………………………………………………………………39
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS……………………………………………………………………………….40
4.1 Age Factor and Gender Related Prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium ………….40
4.2 Test of Association of Risk Factors in relation to Schistosoma haematobium………40
4.3 Test of Association of Symptoms in relation to Schistosoma haematobium…………44
4.4 Biochemical Characterization of Escherichia coli…………………………………….46
4.5 Age Factor and Gender Related Prevalence of Escherichia coli……………………..46
4.6 Test of Association of Risk Factors In relation to Escherichia coli …………………..46
4.7 Test of Association of Symptoms In relation to Escherichia coli ……………………..50
4.8 Age Factor and Gender Related to Co-infection of Schistosoma haematobium
and Escherichia coli ……………………………………………………………………52
4.9 Test of Association of Risk Factors In relation to Co-infection with
Schistosoma haematobium and Escherichia coli.………………………………………52
4.10 Test of Association of Symptoms In relation to Co-infection with
Schistosoma haematobium and Escherichia coli ………………………………………56
4.11 Prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium, Escherichia coli and Co-infection
of Schistosoma haematobium and Escherichia coli. …………………………………..60
4.12 Prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium, Escherichia coli and Co-infection
of Schistosoma haematobium and Escherichia coli In relation to Locations.……….60
4.13 Antibiotic Susceptibility of Escherichia coli Isolated From Urine…………………..63
4.14 Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Phenotype of Escherichia coli Isolated from Urine..63
4.15 Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Indices of Escherichia coli Isolated from Urine……63
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………………………67
CHAPTER SIX
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION………………………………………..72
6.2 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………72
6.3 Recommendations………………………………………………………………………72
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………….74
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………………………..94
INTRODUCTION
Urinary tract infections (UTI) represent one of the most common infections encountered in medical practice today and occurring from the neonate to the geriatric age group (Kunin, 1994).
Despite the widespread availability of antibiotics, UTI remains the most common bacterial infection in the human population (Tambekar et al., 2006).
About one hundred and fifty million individuals had been reported to be affected by UTIs annually worldwide (Gupta et al., 2001).
Urinary tract infections occur as a result of the microbial colonization of urine and the invasion of any structure of the urinary tract by microbial organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and/or parasites (Stamm, 1999; Stamm, 2008).
Urinary tract infections associated with Schistosoma haematobium affects the entire genitourinary tract (Ifeanyi et al., 2009).
Bacterial infections are often recurrent and important in the prepatent period of urinary schistosomiasis which may be instrumental in precipitating renal failure (Ifeanyi et al, 2009).
In urinary schistosomiasis, secondary bacterial infections are common and in men can involve the seminal vesicles, spermatic cord, and to a lesser extent, the prostate.
In women, infection can involve the cervix and fallopian tubes and can cause infertility (Ifeanyi et al., 2009). Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the commonest microbial infectious disease in community practice with a high rate of morbidity and financial cost.
REFERENCES
Abraham, J.M., Freitag, C.S., Gander, R.M., Clements, J.R., Thomas, V.L. and Eisenstein, B.I.(1986) Fimbrial phase variation and DNA rearrangements in uropathogenic isolates of Escherichia coli. Molecular Biology of Medicine, 3: 495-508.
Abraham, S.N., Goguen J.D. and Beachey, E.H. (1988). Hyperadhesive mutant of type 1-fimbriated Escherichia coli associated with formation of FimHorganelles (fimbriosomes).Infectious Immunology, 56:1023-1029.
Abraham, S.N., Goguen, J.D., Sun, D., Klemm, P. and Beachey, E.H. (1987) Identification of two ancillary subunits of Escherichia coli type 1 fimbriae by using antibodies againstsynthetic oligopeptides of fim gene products. Journal of Bacteriology, 169: 5530-5536.
Abuabkar, E.M.(2009). Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Pathogenic bacteria causing urinary tract infections at specialist hiospital, Yola.Adamawa State, Nigeria.Journal of Clinical Medicine and Research. 1(1):001-008.
Adeyeba, O.A. and Ojeaga, S.G.T. (2002).―Urinary Schistosomiasis and Concomitant Urinary Tract Pathogens among School Children in Metropolitan Ibadan, Nigeria,‖ African Journal of Biomedical Research, 5:103-107.
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