Comparative Analysis of Amplitude of Accommodation and Binocular Cross Cylinder Method in Determination of Reading Add.
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to compare the amplitude of accommodation and binocular cross cylinder methods in determination of reading Add. A total of sixty two (62) presbyopic subjects where used and thirty were males and thirty were females.
Amplitude of accommodation and binocular cross cylinder test were performed and the reading add were determined using amplitude of accommodation and binocular cross cylinder methods.
The mean add determined through the amplitude of accommodation were 1.39 ± 0.57 and the mean add determined through the binocular cross cylinder were 1.89 ± 0.59.
Statistically software using pared sample T-test at 0.05 level of confidence and 95% confidence interval showed that there was a significant difference (P<0.05) in obtaining the reading add using the amplitude of accommodation and binocular cross cylinder method.
Reading add determined through binocular cross cylinder method provides a tentative reading add closer to the final reading add than the reading add determined through the amplitude of accommodation method.
Binocular cross cylinder method should be used when determining reading Addition for presbyopes since it gives a tentative reading Addition closer to the final reading Addition for presbyopic subjects.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Page i
Title Page ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of contents vi
List of Tables x
Abstract xi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
- Background of Study 2
- Statement of Problem 14
1.3 Objective of Study 15
1.4 Research Questions 15
1.5 Research Hypothesis 16
1.6 Significance of Study 16
1.7 Scope of Study 16
1.8 Limitation of Study 17
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review 18
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.1 Area of Study 23
3.2 Research Design 23
3.3 Population of Study 24
3.3.1 Inclusion Criteria 24
3.3.2 Exclusion Criteria 24
3.4 Sample Size Determination 24
3.5 Sampling Technique 26
3.6 Instruments for Data Collection 26
3.6.1 Validation of Instrument 26
3.7 Procedure for Data Collection 27
3.8 Procedures for Data Analysis 27
3.9 Ethical Consent 28
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS
4.1 Presentation of Data 29
4.2 Testing of Hypothesis 41
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION
5.1 Contribution of knowledge 44
CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1 Conclusion 45
6.2 Recommendation 45
REFERENCE 46
APPENDICES 49
INTRODUCTION
Aging is a normal physiological process, which is associated with changes in the functional capacity of the body. All vital organs of the body begin to lose function as one gets older. And therefore, the effect of aging on vision (the eye) cannot be over emphasized.
The most distressing challenge an emmetropic aging adult (mostly from 42 years) has is difficulty in continuing to read tiny prints at hitherto, normal range of near distances (25cm – 60cm). This condition is known as presbyopia.
Caring for patients with presbyopia requires appropriate eye examination and management procedures to reduce the potential visual disabilities associated with presbyopia.
Optometrists play an important role in evaluating patients with symptoms or functional disability resulting from presbyopia, an expected vision change that, in some way, affects everyone at some point in adult life.
Vision is the ability to see and the eye is the sense organ responsible for vision. Clinically, it is classified as far and near vision. It is termed far when an object of regard is at 6m and beyond, near when an object is at 40cm. near vision task may include reading, writing, needle work, computing etc.
Which are all performed at 40cm distance. To achieve clear retina image at 40cm, the mechanism of accommodation must come into play and this is necessary to enable an individual do near work comfortably (Nwala et al., 2015).
Presbyopia is an age-related progressive loss of crystalline lens power of accommodation resulting in the inability to focus at near distance (Emerole et al., 2014).
The ability of the eye to focus clearly for objects at various distances is called accommodation (Grosvenor, 2007). Presbyopia is an aging alteration causing a gradual reduction in near vision which is initially noticed at the age of 45-45 years.
REFERENCES
Antona, B., Barra, F., Barrio, A., Gutierrez, A., Piedrahita, E. and Martin, Y. (2008). Comparing methods of determining addition in presbyopes. Clin. Exp. Optometry, 91:13-18.
Beatriz, A., Francisco, B., Ana, B., Angel, G., Elena, P., and Volanda, M. (2008). Comparing methods of determining addition in presbyopes. Clin. Eperimetal Optometry.
Benjamn, J.W. (2006). Borish Clinical Refraction. 2nd Edition. Butterworth Heinemann: 903-910.
Bennett, E.S., Remba, M.J., and Weissman, B.A. (2001). Contact lenses and the elderly patient. In Rosen bloom, A.A., and Morgan M.W., eds. Vision and Aging, 2nd ed. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann: Pp 251-255.
Bhattacharyya, B. (2009). Textbook of visual science and clinical optometry. 1st Edition. New Delhi India: Jaypee Brothers medical publishers (Ltd), Pp – 147-151.
Bittencourt, L.C., Alves, M.R., Dantas, D.O., Rodriques P.F. and Santos-Neto, E.D. (2013). An evaluation of estimation methods for determining addition in presbyopes. Arq Bras Opthalmol. 76:18-20.
Donnell, D. (2007). Changes in Accommodation and Vergence Response when Viewing through New Lenses. J Am Opt Assoc, 78(3): 129-134.
Elliot, D.B. (2007). Clinical Procedure In Primary Eye Care. 3rd Edition. London. Butterworth Heinemann: 188-189.
Emerole, C.G., Nneli, R.G. and Osim, E.E. (2014). Presbyopia: Prevelence, Distribution and determinant in Owerri, Nigeria. Nigeria J. Exp. Clin. Anat, 13:21-35.
Be the first to comment