Comparative Analysis of Knowledge and Use of Modern Contraceptives Among Male and Female in Okpokwu Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria

Comparative Analysis of Knowledge and Use of Modern Contraceptives Among Male and Female in Okpokwu Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT 

It is reported that 75% of the world population, live in developing countries characterized by high fertility rates, high maternal and infant mortality and low life expectancy including Nigeria.

Although reports showed that worldwide the fertility rates have fallen due to wide-contraception. Studies on contraceptives in Nigeria as in other parts of the developing world have long focused on women as the subject of interest. Very little work in this area has focused on men.

Therefore, this study attempts a comparative analysis of knowledge and use of modern contraceptives among male and females in Okpokwu Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria.

The specific objectives are to: assess the kinds of modern contraceptives available in the study area, examine the sources of information on modern contraceptives among male and female in the study area, assess the level of knowledge of modern contraceptives among male and female in the study area.

assess the level of use of modern contraceptives among male and female in the study area, examine the decision-making process on the use modern contraceptive among male and females in the study area,

examine the challenges of contraceptives use and strategies employed to solve the challenges in the study area. The study used both qualitative and quantitative data.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page – – – – – – – – – – – i
Declaration – – – – – – – – – – – ii
Certification – – – – – – – – – – – iii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – – – iv
Acknowledgment- – – – – – – – – – – v
Abstract- – – – – – – – – – – – vi
Table of Content – – – – – – – – – – vii
List of tables- – – – – – – – – – – – x

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION – – – – – – – 1
1.1 Background to the Study – – – – – – – – – 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem- – – – – – – – – 6
1.3 Research aim and Objectives – – – – – – – – 13
1.4 Research Hypothesis — – – – – – – – – 14
1.5 Scope of the Study – – – – – – – – – – 14
1.6 Justification of the Study – – – – – – – – – 14
1.7 Significance of the study — – – – – – – – 15

CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW -17
2.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – – – – 17
2.2 Theoretical Frame Work- – – – – – – — – 18
2.2.1 Structuration Theory- – – – – – – – – 18
2.2.2 Gender and Development- – – – – – – – – 21
2.2.3 Health belief Model – – – – – – – – – – 23
2.3 Literature Review – – – – – – – – – – 24
2.3.1 Historical background of contraceptives in Nigeria- – – – – – 24
2.3.1 Knowledge and use of Contraceptives- – – – – – – 26
2.4 Determinant Factors and Contraceptives – – – – – – – 37
2.4.1 Socio-Economic Factors and Contraceptives- – – – – – 37
2.4.2 Socio-Demographic Factors and Contraceptives – – – – – – 40
2.4.3 Socio-Cultural Factors and Contraceptives – – – – – – – 43
2.4.4 Supply and Demand Factors and Contraceptives- – – – – – 45
2.5 Spousal Communication and Contraceptives- – – – – – 46
2.6 Gender Perspective and Contraceptive use – – – – – – – 52
2.7 Attitude towards Contraceptives – – – – – – – – 58
2.8 Men‟s Involvement and Contraceptive use- – – – – – – 60
2.9 Contraceptives and Methods – – – – – – – – 62

CHAPTER THREE: STUDY AREA AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – – 69
3.1 The Study Area- – – – – – – – – – 69
3.1.1 Location – – – – – – – – – – – 69
3.1.2 Economic Activities – – – – – – – – – – 71
3.1.4 Religion and Culture — – – – – – – – – 72
3.2 Research Methodology – – – – – – – – – 73
3.2.1 Reconnaissance Survey- – – – – – – – – 73
3.2.2 Types of Data utilized – – – – – – – – – 73
3.2.3 Sources of Data – – – – – – – – – – 74
3.2.3.1Primary Sources- – – – – – – – – – 74
3.2.3.2 Secondary Sources – – – – – – – – – – 74
3.3 Sampling Design- – – – – – – – – – 74
3.4 Methods of Data Analysis – – – – – – – – – 77

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION – – – – – 78
4.1 Introduction- – – – – – – – – – – 78
4.2 Demographic and Socio-Economic Characteristics of Respondents- – – 78
4.2.1 Place of Residence- – – – – – – – – – 78
4.2.2 Age of Respondents – – – – – – – – – – 79
4.2.3 Gender of Respondents- – – – – – – – – 80
4.2.4 Ethnicity of Respondents- – – – – – – – – 81
4.2.5 Religion Affiliation of Respondents — – – – – – – 82
4.2.6 Religion Denomination of Respondents- – – – – – – 83
4.2.7 Level of Education of Respondents – – – – – – – – 84
4.2.8 Occupation of Respondents – – – – – – – – – 85
4.2.9 Income Level of Respondents- – – – – – – – 86
4.2.10 Marital Status of Respondents – – – – – – – – 87
4.2.11Types of marital union of Respondents – – – – – – – 88
4.2.12Age at first marriage of Respondents – – – – – – – 89
4.2.13Number of female children of Respondents — – – – – – 90
4.2.14 Number of male children of Respondents – – – – – – – 91
4.2.15Preferred number of children of Respondents – – – – – – 92
4.2.16Decision on the number of children of Respondents – – – – – 93
4.2.17Number of Surviving children of Respondents – – – – – – 94
4.2.18Birth spacing of Respondents – – – – – – – – 95
4.2.19Practicing of exclusive breastfeeding of Respondents- – – – – 96
4.3.2 Level of knowledge of contraceptives of Respondents – – – – – 98
4.3.3 Sources of Knowledge of Contraceptives of Respondents – – – – – 100
4.3.4 Availability of contraceptive services within the Locality of Respondents — – 101
4.3.5 Level of use of contraceptives of Respondents – – – – – – 103
4.3.6 Reason for contraceptives use of Respondents- – – – – – 104
4.3.7 Reasons for Discontinuation of Respondents- – – – – – 105
4.3.8 Where contraceptive services is Obtained of Respondents- – – – – 106
4.3.9 Payment Responsibility of Respondents- – – – – – – 107
4.3.10Determinants of contraceptive knowledge and use of Respondents- – – – 108
4.3.11Decision Making process on contraceptive use of Respondents – – – – 109
4.3.12Method known and used of Respondents– – – – – – – 111
4.3.13 knowledge of contraceptives by place of Residence – – – – – 113
4.3.14 Current use of contraceptives by place of Residence – – – – – 114
4.3.15 knowledge of contraceptives by educational level – – – – – – 115
4.3.16 Use of contraceptives by educational level – – – – – – 116
4.3.17 knowledge of contraceptives by Age – – – – – – – 117
4.3.18 Use of contraceptives by Age – – – – – – – – 118
4.3.19 Contraceptive use by Religious Denomination – – – – – – 119
4.3.20 Contraceptive use by Income level Denomination – – – – – 120

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS – – 128
5.1 Summary of findings – – – – – – – – – 128
5.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – – – – – 129
5.3 Recommendation – – – – – – – – – – 130
5.4 Suggestions for Further Research- – – – – – – – 132
References- – – – – – – – – – – – 133

INTRODUCTION  

A rapid population growth is a burden on the resources of many developing countries. Unregulated fertility, which contributes to such situations, compromises the economic development and political stability of these countries especially the developing countries (Yahya, 2007).

The rate of growth of the population continues to act as a serious impediment to the country‟s march towards economic modernization, sustainable development and poverty eradication.

Many international institutions and organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), World Bank (WB), United Nations Population Fund (UNPF) and United Nations Children‟s Fund (UNICEF) have strongly advocated contraceptives as a means to space children and limit family size.

Contraception has also been a key component of the WHO-UNICEF Child Survival Strategy which goes under the acronym – GOBIFFF (growth monitoring, oral rehydrating salts, breastfeeding, immunization, female education, supplementary feeding and fertility control (Yayha, 2007).

Contraception is a process or technique for preventing pregnancy by means of a medication device or method that blocks or alters one or more processes of reproduction in such a way that sexual union can occur without impregnation (Mosby‟s Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary 2001). 

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