Comparative Performance of Plaster Sands in Yola Metropolis

Comparative Performance of Plaster Sands in Yola Metropolis.

ABSTRACT

There is persistent argument constituting a serious problem as to which is better among the different sand types used for plastering mortars in Yola.

Some are of the vague opinion that the cement and the water requirements for the sands are different and thus one is more economical than the other when used to produce plaster mixes.

Moreover, as at now there seems to be no document specifying the properties of the two sands in question, thus the need to scientifically investigate as well as establish the suitability of the sands for plastering mortars in Yola.

The results from this investigation will assist contractors, designers, builders, and other stakeholder in decision making as to which of the sands will be applied in different part of construction.

It will also aid in placing the correct order for supply instead of falling under suppliers‟ mercy.

This research thereforeis aimed at evaluating the properties of two plastering sands used in Yola with the view to establishing their major characteristics as plastering sands.

A total number of 192 cubes and prisms were cast using nominal mix ratio of 1:3 with water cement ratio of 0.7 and tested for density, compressive and flexural strength at 7, 14, 28 and 56 days.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover page……………….. i

Declaration………………………… ii

Certification……………………….. iii

Dedication………………….. iv

Acknowledgement……………… v

Abstract…………………………. vi

Table Contents………………… vii

List of Table…………………………….. x

List of Figure…………………….. xi

List of Appendices………………………. xii

List of Plate……………………….. xiii

• INTRODUCTION…………………………………. 1
• Background of the study………………………….. 1
• Statement of Research Problem……………. 4
• Justification of the study………………. 5
• Aim and Objectives………………………. 5
  • Objectives of the Study…………………………….. 5
• Scope and Limitation………………………… 6
  • Scope……………………………………. 6
  • Limitation……………………………………….. 6
• LITERATURE REVIEW…………………….. 7
• Plaster……………………………………….. 7
  • History of Plaster……………………….. 7
  • Types of Plaster…………………………….. 8
  • Uses of Plaster…………………………….. 10
  • Classification of Plaster…………………….. 11
• Mortar………………………………………. 12
  • History of Mortar…………………………. 13
  • Classification of Mortar…………….. 16
  • Types of Mortar………………….. 19
  • Uses of Mortar………………………. 24
  • Characteristics of Good Mortar…………… 24
  • Durability of Mortar……………………. 26
  • Properties of Fresh Mortar……………………… 28
  • Curing…………………………………. 31
  • Properties of Hardened Mortar…………………… 32
• Fine Aggregate………………………….. 37
  • Specification for Plastering Sand………… 41
  • Basic Characteristics of fine Aggregate……………… 42
  • Properties of Fine Aggregate and It Function in Mortar………………… 42
  • Requirement of Fine aggregate………………….. 43
  • Available Grading of Fine Aggregate………… 43
  • Classification of Fine Aggregate………………. 44
• METHODOLOGY…………….. 46
• Research Design……………………. 46
• Research Materials and Methods…………….. 47
  • Materials……………………….. 47
• Tool, Apparatus and Equipment Used……………….. 49
• Methods…………………………… 49
  • Literature Review…………….. 49
  • Experimental Programme…………………. 50
• Production and Testing of Mortar Specimens………… 55
  • Trial Mix…………….. 55
  • Final Mix Proportion……… 56
  • Tests on Fresh Properties of Mortar……….. 56
  • Casting of Mortar Samples…………. 58
  • Curing of Mortar Specimens………………… 58
• Tests on Hardened Mortar………………… 59
  • Density Test…………………………… 59
  • Compressive Strength Test………………. 60
  • Flexural Strength Test………………. 61
  • Abrasion Resistance Test……………… 62
  • Water Absorption Test…………………. 62
  • Sorptivity Test…………………….. 63
• Method of Data Analysis……………… 65
• OPRESENTATION OF RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIO……………………… 66
• Presentation of Results of Preliminary Test……………… 66
  • Properties of Sands…………………… 66
• Presentation of Results of Test on Fresh Mortar…………. 73
  • Workability……………………. 73
  • Bulk Density………………………… 74
• Presentation of Results of Test on Hardened Mortar…………… 75
  • Density Test…………………… 75
  • Compressive Strength Test…………. 76
  • Flexural Strength Test…………….. 77
  • Water Absorption Test……………. 78
  • Abrasion Resistance Test………….. 79
  • Sorptivity Test………………. 80
• SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.. 82
• Summary of Major Findings…………… 82
• Conclusion……………………………… 83
• Recommendation……………………… 83
• Recommendation for Further Studies…….. 84
• Contribution to knowledge………….. 84

REFERENCES…….. 85

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INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Plaster consists of mixture of lime or cement and sand, with the required quantity of water.Rough surface of concrete, masonry wall or concrete ceiling roofs are changed or covered to provide an attractive surface by plastering with a material called plaster.

After the erection ofa building structure, plastering work has to take place in order to protect some of the building components such as walls, columns and beamsfrom the effect of weather, and to make the building look attractive(Michael & John, 2011).

Plastering is the process of covering rough concrete surfaces, masonry walls and undulatting surface of buildings with a plastic material, called plaster, which is the mixture of lime or cement, sand and water (Satheesh, 2009; Weyer et al., 2015).

Mortars are spread over the block or brick works and then trowel is used to make the surface smooth to the required level. According toCorinaldesi, Moriconi & Naik(2005), plastering also increasesthermal and sound protection in the building.

The main aim of plastering a building is to provide strong and even surface that could be painted and give nice attractive appearance.Plasters are used for many reasons in a building.

According to Adedeji (2007),the aimsof plaster include: protection of the underlying surface, allow or stop the migration of vapour or liquid moisture and air current.

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REFERENCES

Corinaldesi, V.,Moriconi, G. and Naik, T. (2005) Characterization of Marble powder for its used in mortar and concrete university of wisconsin-milwauke, College of Engineering and applied Science, Department of Civil Engineer and mechanics.

Dong,C. and Wenda, C.( 2000). Building Project Materials, Beijing: Golden Shield Press. Duggal, S. K. (2008). Building Materials, 3^RDRevised Edition. New Age International (P) Limited, Publishers New Delhi.

Edgell, G. and Haseltine, B.A. (2005) “Building mortar for low rise housing recommendations, problems and solutions”, British Masonry Society Publication,.29.

Franz, W. (2012). Calcium Sulfate in Ullmann‟s Encyclopedia of industrial chemistry,Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.

Forster, A. M. (2002).An assessment of the relationship between the water vapour permeability and hydraulicity of lime based mortars with particular reference to building conservation materials science, unpublished thesis Heriot-Watt  University.

Gambhir M. L. (2006), Concrete Technology, Total McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited New Delhi, India.