Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil Using Selected Organic Wastes

Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil Using Selected Organic Wastes.

ABSTRACT

Contamination of existing and potential agricultural lands is a major problem associated with the processing and distribution of crude and refined petroleum products in many oil producing countries like Nigeria.

Hydrocarbon contaminants in soil are potentially phytotoxic to plants and interfere with plant establishment and growth as well as other land uses. The problems of pollution have led to the exploration of many remedial approaches to effect the clean-up of the polluted soils.

The specific objectives of the study are; to apply food waste, palm oil mill sludge and poultry droppings at different rates of 10, 20 and 30 % (w/w) in soils of simulated diesel contaminated soils; and to determine the effect on petroleum hydrocarbon fractions, soil nutrient composition, and on the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) reduction.

From the results of the study, C15 to C41 hydrocarbon fractions including pristane and phytane were detected in the diesel contaminated soil samples.

The longer chain hydrocarbon fractions appeared dominant in the contaminated soil samples and were observed to be degraded more at the 20 % (w/w) bio-waste amendment level for all the bio-waste amended soil samples.

The hydrocarbon fractions generally reduced with increase in the amount of the bio-waste present in the contaminated samples.

The organic carbon and organic matter generally decreased with the increased addition of the bio-waste in the contaminated soil from 10 to 30 % (w/w) however no clear trend was observed for the nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus present in the amended soil samples.

After 84 days period of bioremediation process, the TPH in the diesel contaminated soil samples remediated using food waste, palm oil sludge and poultry droppings were observed to have reduced from 27479.43 ppm recorded in the control sample to 17197.79, 19210.64 and 14117.69 ppm, respectively.

The resulting percentage reduction in the TPH for the food waste bio-remediated soil sample was 37.42 % while that of the soils remediated using palm oil sludge and poultry droppings were 30.09 and

48.62 % respectively. The result showed that poultry droppings had the highest biodegradation effect followed by food waste and palm oil sludge.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i
CERTIFICATION PAGE ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES viii
ABSTRACT ix

CHAPTER ONE 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Problem Statement 2
1.2 Objective of the Study 3
1.3 Justification of the Study 3
1.4 Scope of the Study 4

CHAPTER TWO 5

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Oil, Petroleum Hydrocarbons and their Effects on Soil 5
2.2 Methods of Remediation of Oil-Contaminated Soils 6
2.2.1 Physical and Chemical Remediation 7
2.2.2 Biological Remediation 7
2.3 Bioremediation of Organic Polluted Soil 8
2.4 Principles of Bioremediation 9
2.4.1 Environmental Considerations in Bioremediation 12
2.4.2 Key performance index in bioremediation 14
2.5 Microbial Populations for Bioremediation Processes 14
2.6 Phytoremediation: A Plant-Assisted Bioremediation Mechanism 16
2.6.1 Mechanisms of hydrocarbon phytoremediation 17
2.6.1.1 Phytostabilisation 18
2.6.1.2 Phytodegradation 19
2.6.1.3 Phytovolatiliation 20
2.6.1.4 Rhizoremediation 20
2.7 PHC Contamination in Developing Countries 21

CHAPTER THREE 23

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 23
3.1 Hydrocarbon Contaminated Samples and Bio-wastes 23
3.2 Experimental Procedure 23
3.3 Laboratory Analysis 24
3.3.1 Petroleum hydrocarbon analysis of soil by infra-red method 24
3.3.2 Determination of pH 24
3.3.3 Moisture content analysis 25
3.3.4 Determination of total nitrogen by Kjeldahl method 25
3.3.5 Determination of available phosphorus 26
3.4 Statistical Analysis 26

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 27

4.1. Petroleum Hydrocarbon Reduction 27
4.2. Effect of Bioremediation on Soil Chemical Constituents 35
4.3. Effect of Bioremediation on Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon 38

CHAPTER FIVE 42

5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 42
5.1 Conclusions 42
5.2 Recommendations 42
REFERENCES 43
Appendices 52

INTRODUCTION

Soil is a fundamental and irreplaceable natural resource which provides a variety of ecosystem services and is the essential link between the components air, bedrock, water and biota that make up our environment.

Contaminated land is defined as sites having levels of contaminants present in the soil that pose a significant possibility of harm to the ecosystem (DEFRA, 2009).

There are a significant number of petroleum hydrocarbon impacted sites across the world resulting from a wide range of past industrial, military, and petroleum production, and distribution practices (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Criteria Working Group Series, 1998).

The chemical composition of petroleum products is complex varied, changes over time and distance when released to the environment (Bellmann and Otto, 2003). Oil pollution in soils can cause interference with the ecosystem and in most cases causes the non- productive use of land.

The European Commission (2002; 2006a; 2006b) has identified soil contamination as one of eight major threats to European soils. Contaminants can enter the  soil from points (local) and diffuse sources (DEFRA, 2009).

It is not easy to estimate the costs of the soil contamination in terms of rehabilitating and restoring due to the lack of sufficient quantitative and qualitative data, but studies have pointed out that soil contamination results in great costs to society (European Commission, 2006c).

Global industrialization over the past centuries has resulted in widespread contamination of the environment with organic and inorganic wastes.

REFERENCES

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