Determinants of Urban Land Use Dynamics in North Central Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
Land development in the North Central Nigeria seems to be shifting out of the city centre to the fringes. Areas at the fringes that were once described as quiet and serene environment now seem to be characterized by noise, traffic congestion, informal economic activities and proliferation of incompatible developments.
Literature has shown that city planners do not take cognizance of the factors responsible for these developments. The aim of the study was to determine the factors influencing land use dynamics and the extent to which these factors differ at the fringes of three cities in North Central Nigeria.
To achieve this aim the following objectives were formulated to: (i) examine the rate and variation of land use change at the fringes of the study area (1974-2011), (ii) identify and group the factors influencing land use dynamics in the fringes of the area under study.
Determine whether there are variations in factors that influence land use dynamics at the fringes of the three cities under study, (iv) ascertain peoples’ perception of the factors of land use dynamics at the fringes of urban area under study and (v) explore the implications of the current pattern of land use dynamics for planning.
Three hypotheses were postulated while primary and secondary data sources were employed in the study. The cities of Minna, Lokoja and Kaduna were selected from the North Central part of Nigeria. Systematicsampling technique was used to administer questionnaire on households in twelve neighborhoods of the three cities.
Out of 1130 questionnaires distributed only 834 were dully filled and returned, 30 of the questionnaire were for the professional town planners. The Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test the first and second hypotheses.
The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to classify data, while the Chi-square was used to test the third hypothesis. The ANOVA result showed that there is a significant change in the nature of land use among the cities in the past 37 years (F=1.481, p<0.05).
The result of the PCA showed that ethnicity, religion, income, and the presence of automechanic industry accounted for 23.22% of the total, the presence of block industries, proximity to eatery, and proximity to petrol stations accounted for 23.3%, land price and plot size accounts for 9.59%, density accounts for 6.58%, the component of soil and slope accounts for 6.55%.
The ANOVA result for the second hypothesis also revealed the variations in the factors affecting land use dynamics among the three cities understudy, which was significantly different(F=19.277,p<0.05).
The Chi-square result of the third hypothesis further revealed that perception varies significantly among stake holders. The results of these hypotheses have duly answered the research questions posited. It had brought out the peculiar factors of land use change in the study area.
The factors should be considered in accessing the implication of policies on the effect of land use change in the cities. Also factors peculiar to different cities should be considered in planning, as a working guideline for decision making in land use development at the city fringes.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Front page – – – – – – – – – – – i
Title page – – – – – – – – – – – ii
Certification – – – – – – – – – -iii
Approval page – – – – – – – – -iv
Dedication – – – – – – – – – – v
Acknowledgement – – – – – – – – -vi
Abstract – – – – – – – – – -vii
Table of contents – – – – – – – – -viii
List of tables – – – – – – – – – -xii
List of figures – – – – – – – – – -xiv
List of plates – – – – – – – – – -xv
List of Abbreviations – – – – – – – – -xvi
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study – – – – – – – 1
1.2 Statement of the research problem – – – – – – 5
1.3 Goal and Objective – – – – – – – – 8
1.3.1 Goal – – – – – – – – – – 8
1.3.2 Objectives – – – – – – – – – 9
1.4 Research Questions – – – – – – – – 9
1.5 Statement of Hypotheses – – – – – – – 9
1.5.1 Variables – – – – – – – – – 9
1.6 Scope of the study – – – – – – – -11
1.7 Limitation of the study – – – – – – – -11
1.8 Significance of the study – – – – – – -12
1.9 Organization of the study – – – – – – -13
1.9.1 Definition of terms – – – – – – – -13
CHAPTER TWO THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – -16
2.1.1 The concept of Land use change – – –
2.2 Theories of Urban land use structure – – – – – -17
2.3 Conceptions of the Peri-urban interface(fringes) – – – -24
2.4 Variables of land use change – – – – — – 25
CHAPTER THREE LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – -33
3.2 The nature of land use dynamics – – – – – -33
3.3 Factors affecting land use dynamics in cities – – – – -44
3.4 Nature and pattern of land use dynamics in Nigeria – – – -53
3.4.1 Factors affecting land use dynamics in Nigerian cities – – – -54
3.5 The effects of factors of land use dynamics- – – – – -60
3.6 Variations of factors of land use dynamics among peri-urban cities- – -63
3.7 Peoples’ perception of the factors of land use dynamics- – -69
3.8 Implications of land use change pattern for urban planning – – -72
3.8.1 Rationale for land use dynamics studies– – – – – – -75
3.8.2 Use of GIS in land use dynamics – – – – – -78
3.8 Summary – – – – – – – – -79
CHAPTER FOUR THE STUDY AREA
4.1 Location – – – – – – – – – -81
4.2 Historical background of North Central region – – – – -81
4.3 Geology – – – – – – – – – -83
4.4 Agriculture/Soil type – – – – – – – -84
4.4.1 Vegetation – – – – – – – – -85
4.5 Architecture – – – – – – – – -88
4.6 Political activities – – – – – – – -88
4.7 Economic activities- – – – – – – – -89
4.8 Social institutions and transport system- – – – – -89
4.9 The Study areas- – – – – – – – – -90
4.9.1 Minna – – – – – – – – – -90
4.9.2 Physical Settings – – – – – – – -91
4.9.3 Lokoja – – – – – – – – – -93
4.9.4 Physical Settings – – – – – – – -94
4.9.5 Kaduna – – – – – – – – – -97
4.9.6 Physical Settings – – – – – – – -100
CHAPTER FIVE METHODS AND PROCEDURES
5.1 Sources of data – – – – – – – – -103
5.1.1 Secondary sources – – – – – – – -103
5.1.2 Published materials- — – – – – – – -103
5.1.3 Unpublished materials – – – – – – – -103
5.1.4 Primary sources- – – – – – – – -108
5.2 Sample population – – – – – – – -109
5.2.1 Sample frame and sample size – – – – – – -109
5.2.2 Sample frame – – – – – – – – -109
- 2.3 Sample Size – – – – – – – – -110
5.2.4 Sampling procedures – – – – – – – -111
- 3 Number of questionnaire distributed and number returned – – -116
- 4 Criteria for selection of the 3 sampled cities (Minna, Kaduna and Lokoja) -117
5.5 Description of instruments used in data collection (Questionnaire) – -119
5.5.1 Description of statistics used in the Analysis – – – – -120
5.5.2 The analysis of variance. (ANOVA) – – – – – -121
5.5.3 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) – – – – -123
5.5.4 The Chi Square technique – – – – – – -125
5.6 Validation and reliability of the instruments – – – – -126
CHAPTER SIX DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS
6.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – -128
6.2 Personal and socio-economic characteristics of the respondents – -128
6.3 Research question 130
6.3.1 Extent of built up expansion in the study area- – – – -132
6.4 Research question 137
6.4.1 Physical factors – – – – – – – -137
6.4.2 Drainage condition – – – – – – – -138
6.4.3 Availability of public services – – – – – – -139
6.4.4 Developers concern/ consideration – – – – – -140
6.4.5 Proximity to road – – – – – – – -140
6.4.6 Supply of land – – – – – – – – -141
6.4.7 Rent – – – – – – – – – -142
6.4.8 Security considerations – – – – – – – -142
6.4.9 Civil disturbance – – – – – – – -143
6.4.10 Tenement types in the study area – – – – – -144
6.4.11 Duration of respondents stay on property – – – – -145
6.5 Research question 146
6.5.1 Variations in factors of land use dynamics – – – – -146
6.6 Research question 147
6.6.1 Pattern of territorial expansion – – – – – – -148
6.6.2 Orderliness of growth – – – – – – – -148
6.6.3 Noise condition – – – – – – – -149
6.6.4 Road condition — – – – – – – – 149
6.6.5 Rate of economic activities – – – – – – -150
6.6.6 Waste management condition – – – – – – -150
6.5.7 Water provision condition – – – – – – -151
6.5.8 Electricity condition – – – – – – – -151
6.5.9 Adequacy of health facilities – – – – – – -152
6.6.10 Rate of conversion of open space to other uses – – – -152
6.6.11 Rate of conversion of land to industrial use – – – – -153
6.7 Perception of professionals of the factors of land use dynamics – -153
6.7. 1 Existence of regulation for land development – – – – -153
6.7. 2 Existing type of regulation for development – – – – -154
6.7. 3 Slope consideration – – – – – – – -155
6.7. 4 Perceived factors of land use dynamics – – – – -155
6.7. 5 Factors responsible for agglomeration of people – -156
6.7.6 Rate of compliance – – – – – – – -157
6.7. 7 Rate of influence of physical factors on plot development – – -157
6.7.8 Influence of nearness to facilities and public services- – – -158
6.7.9 Influence of economic factors on plot development- – – – -157
6.7.10 Original use of land before conversion – – – – -160
6.7.11 Initial land approval – – – – – – – -160
6.7.12 Awareness of land regulation – – – – – – -161
6.8.0 Test of Hypotheses – – – – – – – -162
6.8.1 Hypothesis one – – – – – – – – -163
6.8.2 Hypothesis two – – – – – – – – -164
6.8.3 Hypothesis three- – – – – – – – -164
6.8.4 Identification and classification of factors of land use dynamics – -164
6.9 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
6.9.1 Objective 1 – – – – – – – – -178
6.9.2 Objective 2 – – – – – – – – -178
6.9.3 Objective 3- – – – – – – – – -207
- 9.4 Objective 4 – – – – – – – – -208
6.9.5 Objective 5 – – – – – – – – -210
6.9.6 Summary of findings – – – – – – – -212
CHAPTER SEVEN RECOMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
7.1 Recommendation – – – – – – – – -216
7.1.1 Decentralization and Recentralization – – – – – -216
7.1.2 Planned growth – – – – – – – -216
7.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – – -217
7.3 Areas for further studies in the research – – – – -218
REFERENCES – – – – – – – – -220
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Cities are expanding in size and in relative importance in many parts of the world due to rapid increase in population. The rapid rate of urban expansion across the world in the past few decades presents increasing challenges to urban planning and management.
The United Nations in 2009, estimates that between 2007 and 2025 the annual urban population increase in developing nations is expected to be over 53million (or 2.27 percent) compared to 3 million (or 0.49 percent) in developed nations.
Predictions further show that many new megacities of over 10 million persons will emerge during the next few decades particularly in the developing nations. This rate of urbanization increase is however, not without its problems (UNHabitat, 2009).
One of the major issues of concern is the abrupt changes in land use at the fringe area of cities, often without recourse to existing statutes, policies and standards, in most cases leading to slum development.
Responding to the environmental and socio-economic challenges of this trend in urban growth, the United Nations,2009 World Bank,2011.
Other international agencies in partnership with several developing nations in Africa, Asia and Latin America, have adopted various innovative measures including, the United Nations agenda-21 through the Sustainable Cities Programme(SCP).
The Millennium Development Goals (MDG’S) especially with regards to environmental sustainability and in achieving significant improvement in the lives of city slum dwellers(World Bank,2002;World Bank,2011).
Determining the factors influencing land use change at the city fringes have been found crucial in making decisions on the use of land and its resources. It is also important since the future growth of the city depends on the nature of the fringe areas (Giest and Lambin, 2003).
Estimates show that between 1990 and 1997, about 5.81 million hectares of humid tropical forest were lost to construction (Achard, Eva, Stibig, Maaux and Gallego, 2002), thus generally transforming the spatial patterns and landscape of such areas.
REFERENCES
Abashiya, M. (2006) Influence of manmade structures on floods in Northern part of Kaduna metropolis. Unpublished Msc Dissertation in Department of Geography, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
Abati, R. (2006) “The Crisis in Onitsha” (The Sunday Guardian Newspaper, Editorial Opinion/Article/ 02, 25 June 2006).
Abukhacter, A.B. (2009) Rethink planning theory and practice: A glimmer of light for prospects of integrated planning to combat complex urban realities, in Journal of Theoretical and Empirical Research in Urban Management, no2 (11). Romania
Achard, F., Eva, V.D., Stibig, H and Gallego, J. (2002) Determination of deforestation rates of the world’s Humid tropical forest. Science, 297: pg 99-102
Adagbasa, J.O. (2004) “Land use and Traffic Management in Nigerian Urban Centres: A Case Study of Benin City”, Paper Presented at the 35th Annual Conference, Organised by the Nigerian Institute of Town Planners Bauchi, Bauchi State, 6th – 8th October.
Adebayo, A.A and Tukur, A.L (2003) Farmers Perception of Environmental problems in Adamawa state, Nigeria. Tropical Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 1, pp 52-56
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