– Effect Of Alcohol Consumption On Some Hepatic Functions Of Albino Rats –
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ABSTRACT
The effect of alcohol on some hepatic parameters of albino rats was investigated, after a period of 7 days. The experimental animals were divided into four groups. All the groups received feed and water .
In addition to this, group II received 25ml of alcohol/kg body weight once daily, group III received 50ml of alcohol/kg body weight once daily while group IV received 75ml of alcohol/kg body weight once daily also.
The alcohol was given by oral compulsion. Blood samples were collected from the rats after the 7th day by cardiac puncture.
The blood was allowed to clot, centrifuged and serum collected for analysis. Some hepatic parameters(ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin and unconjuated bilirubin) were analysed. The result gotten was calculated using statistical package for social sciences(SPSS).
From the results, it was observed that there were significant increase in most liver parameters in both group III and IV(P<0.05) when compared to control but no significant different in group II when compared to control(as shown in the tables in chapter 4). This indicates that the increase in doses of alcohol could be detrimental to the liver particularly in high doses.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page……….i
Certification………ii
Dedication……………..iii
Acknowledgement…….iv
Abstract…………..v
Table of content………….vi
List of figures………ix
List of tables………………..x
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study……1
1.1 Justification…..3
1.2 Aims and Objectives……………….4
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 The Liver…………….5
2.1.1 Anatomy of the liver…………….5
2.1.2 Physiology of the liver………………6
2.1.3 Liver Functions………….7
2.1.4 Chemical Findings in Liver Diseases…………….9
2.1.5 Liver Enzymes……………10
2.2. Bilirubin…………….16
2.2.1 Clinical Implications………….17
2.3 History of Alcohol………………18
2.3.1 Alcohol Pharmacology……………….20
2.3.2 Metabolism of Alcohol…….………22
2.3.3 Factors influencing alcohol absorption and metabolism.……………….24
2.3.4 Effects of Alcohol Metabolism…………..25
2.3.5 Alcoholic Effects on the liver…….29
2.3.6 A review on alcohol…………………………33
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.0 Materials and Method……………37
3.1 Experimental Animals…………37
3.2 Experimental Design………….38
3.3 Sample Collection………….39
3.4 Laboratory Procedure…………………39
3.4.1`Serum Aspartate Amino Transferase Estimation…….39
3.4.2 Serum Alanine Amino Transferase Estimation…….41
3.4.3 Determination of Alkaline Phosphatase………43
3.4.4 Determination of Serum Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase…..44
3.4.5 Determination of Serum Total,Conjugated and Unconjugated Bilirubin.45
3.5 Statistical Analysis…..47
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS
4.0 Results………….48
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION
5.0 Discussion……………54
5.1 Conclusion………56
REFERENCE……..57
APPENDICES……………..66
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
In chemistry, an alcohol is an organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom. In particular, this carbon center should be saturated, having single bonds to three other atoms (Nic et al., 2006).
Alcohols are neutral colourless and a water miscible organic solvent and it distributes itself throughout the body. This means that the concentration within tissues will be similar to that in the blood.
Alcohol (ethanol) is consumed widely in the form of beer, wines and spirit. Excessive alcohol consumption with its associated consequences is a leading cause of economic, social and medical problems throughout the world.
Besides the short term effects most pathophysiological consequences of ethanol abuse are associated with chronic consumption over a long period.
Alcohol is consumed by about 70 % of U.S. adults (Breslow et al.,2008). Consumption of this dietary component has both risks and benefits. Low to moderate doses of alcohol lower the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality(USDA, 2010).
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 and American Heart Association’s dietary guidelines suggest that if alcohol is consumed, males consume no more than two alcoholic drinks per/day (28 g/day) and women no more than one per/day (14 g/day) (Lichtenstein et al., 2006).
REFERENCES
Alatalo, P., Koivisto, H., Puukka, K., Hietala, J., Anttila, P and Bloigu, R(2009). Biomarkers of liver status in heavy drinkers, moderate drinkers and abstainers. Alcohol Alcohol.44(2):199–203.
Anton, R.F., Lieber, C and Tabakoff, B(2002).Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and gamma-glutamyltransferase for the detection and monitoring of alcohol use: results from a multisite study. Alcoholism Clinical Experimental Response.26(5):1215–1222.
Baker, F., Silverton, R.E. and Pallister, C.J(2001). Liver function test In introduction to medical Laboratory Technology. (7th ed.) Bountry Press limited, Nigeria. Pp 130 -139.
Bellentani, S and Tiribelli, C(2001). The spectrum of liver disease in the general population: lesson from the Dionysos study.Journal on Hepatology.35(3):531–537.
Berk, P. D and Korenblat, K. M. (2007). Approach to the patient with jaundice or abnormal liver test results. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. (23rd ed.). Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier: chap. 150.
Black, M.(1984). Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Annual Review of Medicine 35(6):577-593.
Breslow, R.A., Chen, C.M., Graubard, B.I., Jacobovits, T and Kant, A.K.(2013). Diets of drinkers on drinking and nondrinking days: NHANES 2003–2008. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 97(4):1068–1075.
Breslow R.A and Sinothers B.A (2005): Drinking patterns and body mass index in never smothers; National Health interview survey 1997-2001. American Journal of Epidemiology 161(2):376-388.
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