Effect of Ethylenediaminetetracetic Acid on Lead Among Occupation Lead Handlers in Enugu Urban Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
The effect of Ethylenedianinetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on lead content of blood has not been worked on in vitro. This led to carrying out this research.
The aims of this research is to ascertain if EDTA has any effect on blood lead levels if the sample is collected using an EDTA tube and also to find out if there is any significant difference in the blood lead levels of the same sample when collected with an EDTA tube and a non-EDTA tube.
Hundred (100) males who are commercial painters and who have painted for more than 5 years were recruited for the research.
Fifty (50) males who had nothing to do with lead and lead products were also recruited to serve as the control group. The blood lead levels of the test group were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of the control group.
The haematological indices were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the blood in plainon-EDTA tubes than that in the tubes containing EDTA.
In the haemoglobin concentration, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between that of the fresh blood and the sequestered blood. The lead concentration was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the native blood than the sequestered blood.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page …………………………………………………………………………. i
Approval ………………………………………………………………………….. ii
Certification …………………………………………………………………….. iii
Dedication ………………………………………………………………………. iv
Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………. v
Table of content ……………………………………………………………… vi
List of table’s ………………………………………………………………….. ix
List of figures …………………………………………………………………. x
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………… xi
Chapter One: Introduction ……………………………………………… 1
1.2 Justification ……………………………………………………………………. 3
1.3 Aims and objectives……………………………………………………… 4
Chapter Two: Literature review ……………………………………….. 5
2.1 Occupational lead exposure …………………………………………… 5
2.2 Mechanisms of toxicity ……………………………………………….. 8
2.3 Effects of lead on the heam biosynthesis and erythropoiesis 10
2.4 Effects of lead on the nervous system ……………………………. 15
2.5 Toxicity of other body organs ……………………………………….. 20
2.6 Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) ………………………… 23
2.7 The EDTA molecule …………………………………………………………. 23
2.71 Uses of EDTA …………………………………………………………… 25
2.72 EDTA as a chelating agent ……………………………………….. 26
2.721 History of EDTA as a chelating agent ……………………….. 27
2.722 Uses ………………………………………………………………………. 29
2.723 Dosage …………………………………………………………………… 29
Chapter Three: Materials and methods …………………………… 31
3.1 Sample collection ………………………………………………….. 31
3.2 Method …………………………………………………………………….. 32
3.21 Packed Cell Volume ……………………………………………….. 32
3.22 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate …………………………….. 33
3.23 Total White Cell Count ………………………………………….. 34
3.24 Differential White Cell Count …………………………………. 35
3.25 Haemoglobin Concentration …………………………………. 36
3.26 Lead Assay ……………………………………………………………… 36
3.5 Analysis ……………………………………………………………………. 37
3.6 Statistical analysis …………………………………………………….. 37
Chapter Four: Results …………………………………………………. 38
Chapter Five: Discussion and Conclusion …………………………….. 39
5.1 Discussion ……………………………………………………………………….. 41
5.2 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………….. 44
5.3 Recommendation ……………………………………………………………. 45
References ………………………………………………………………………….. 46
INTRODUCTION
The heavy metal lead is ubiquitous, and its deposits are scattered throughout the world. “The most common ore is galena” (lead sulphide-87% lead).
“It has been mined and disseminated throughout the environment from where it has gradually become incorporated into the structural tissue of plants, animals and humans” (Pracheta et al., 2009).
Lead is a soft, silvery gray metal, which rapidly becomes dull in air, and is soft, malleable and ductile, melting at 327.5 °C.
It is highly resistant to Corrosion, but is soluble in nitric and hot sulphuric acids. Lead (Pb), with atomic number of 82 and atomic weight of 207.19 has a specific gravity of 11.34.
It has four naturally occurring isotopes with atomic weights 208, 206, 207, and 204, in decreasing order of abundance. “The usual valence state in inorganic lead compounds is + 2” (Lead, 2001).
The common occurrences of lead include naturally occurring ores. Lead ores comprise 0.002% (15g/t) of the earth’s crust.
They include galena (lead sulfide), anglesite (lead sulfate), cerussite (lead carbonate), mimetite (lead chloroarsenate) and pyromorphite (lead chlorophosphate).
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