INTRODUCTION
(Fleming, 2009). Gastrointestinal micro-organisms have a highly significant impact on uptake and utilization of energy (Choct et al.,1996) and other nutrients, and on response of poultry to anti-nutritional factors such as non –strarch polysaccharide, pre and probiotic feed additive and feed enzyme (Bedford and apajalahti, 2001).
Micro-organism can also directly interact with the lining of the gastro intestinal tract (Van Leeuwen et al., 2004) which may alter the physiology of the tract and immunological status of the birds (Klasing et.al, 1999) . Bacteria overgrowth (known as dysbacteriosis ) results in bad bacteria significantly outnumbering the good bacteria in the gut, resulting in the bad bacteria exerting their undesirable effects on the gut lining and the digestion process which may lead to diarrhea and damage to the intestine- ultimately leading to diseased birds and poor performance. Thus, to maintain good health and welfare, growers focus on the integrity of the intestinal system (Fleming, 2009).
In livestock farming, infectious agents reduce the yield of farmed food animals. To control this, the administration of sub-therapeutic antibiotics and antimicrobial agent has been shown to be effective (AL-Dobaiba and Mousa, 2009). Supplementing animal feed with antimicrobial agents to enhance growth has been common practice for more than 50 years and is estimated to constitute more than half the total antimicrobial world wide (Wegner Et Al, 1999) According to the National Office of Animal Health (2001), the objective of using antibiotic based growth promoters (AGPs) is to help growing animals digest their food more efficiently, get maximum benefits from it and lalow them to develop into strong and healthy animals. Antibiotic like virginamycin, salinomycin, neomycin, doxycycline, avilamycin etc, are few of the commonly used AGPs. However, the use of these antibiotics in feed have shown serveal side effects like resistance towards the drug resideue in the meat and thereby the user getting resistance to the drug. Hence, several countries have banned the use of antibiotics based growth promoters in the feed animal sector and appearance of resistant strain in human being. This decision has therefore stimulated to the search for alternatives array of substance with beneficial health related biological properties (Agarwal, 1996).
Garlic is one of the most traditionally used plants as a spice and herb . garlic has been used for a variety of reason which most of them has been approved scientifically: antimicrobial, hypolipidemic, anti hypertension, anti diabetes etc. there are lots of active components in garlic like : ajone, s-allyl cycteine, di allyl(di/three) sulfide and the most active one is allicine which possibly reduce cholesterol in serum and it has been used for cardiovascular diseases (Rahmatnejau and Roshanfekr, 2009).
Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) is a perennial plant, and may act as a pro-nutrient because of the vast active ingredient it has been reported to contain (herbs hand healing 2011). A protein digesting enzyme (zingibein) found in gineger is believed to improve digestion as well as kill parasites and their eggs. it was also reported to enhance antibacterial and anti inflammatory actions and it is thought to assist other antibacterial such as antibiotics, by up to 50%. the nutrients found in ginger include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals and vitamins (herbs and Hand Healing 2011. Ginger and garlic have been suggested to improve growth performance of broilers collectively or individually (Onibi et al, 2009) and improve gut microbial population by reducing the pH of the gut (Dieumou et al., 2009).
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this study are to:
1. Evaluate the effect of ginger and garlic on the growth performance of broiler chickens
2. Determine the effect of ginger and garlic on the gut microbial population of broiler chickens.
Justification of study
Feeds potentially introduce enter pathogens into the gut and steps need to be taken to prevent their introduction and proliferation. synthetic antibiotics have been used to control them and improve growth and productivity. However, it has been discovered that they are deposited in the animal l as tissue residues, and which may cause resistance of pathogenic microbes. Thus natural alternatives are being sought that will not have negative effects on the animal and humans alike. It is expected that ging
er and garlic can help modulate the broilers gut and control enteropathogens that interferes with effective utilization of feed in broilers. If this is achieved then growth performance can be improved by using ginger and garlic as feed additives for broilers. However the efficiency of utilization of ginger and garlic will only be determined by evaluating the performance of broiler and the gut microbial population of broiler chickens fed with ginger and garlic.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Experimental site
The experiment will be carried out at the poultry unit of the teaching and research farm of the department of Animal Science, Ebonyi State University Abakaliki.
SOURCE AND PROCESSING OF GINGER AND GARLIC
The ginger and garlic to be used will be purchased fresh from the market. There rinds and husks will be peeled off using knife, the peeled ginger and garlic will be washed and sun dried. When it is dried, it will be later ground to fine powder. Samples of the test ingredients and feed will be collected and analyzed to determine their proximate composition.
EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL (BIRDS)
80 birds (day old ) will be obtain from a reputable commercial farm. The 80 birds will be randomly allotted into a treatment groups (consisting of 20 birds each) in a completely randomized design, each treatment will l be replicated 4 times with 5 birds per replicate. The bird will be raised in deep litter and brooded for 21 days (3weeks).
EXPERIMENTAL DIETS:
The starter and finisher feed used in the experiment will be purchased from a commercial feed seller. The experimental diets will be such that T1 will be the control no garlic or ginger in the diet T2 will be ginger in the feed at 14g/kg of diet, and T4 will be ginger and garlic mixed in the feed at 7g each/kg of diet.
Data collection
Data will be collected on the following parameters”
FEED INTAKE
Weighed quantity of feed will be served to the birds per replicate between 7 and 8am leftover feed will be weighed the next day. Then feed intake will be obtained by subtracting the leftover feed from the quantity served as follows:
Feed intake= quantity of feed served-quantity of feed left.
BODY WEIGHT GAIN
Birds in each replicate/treatment will be weekly using a weighing scale before they are served. At the end of the experiment, the total body weight gain will be determined by subtracting the initial body weight from the final body weight. The initial body weight will be gotten by weighing the birds on arrival to the poultry house. The daily body weight gain will be determined by dividing the total body weight gain by the number of days of the experiment.
FEED CONVERSION RATIO
Feed conversion ratio will be calculated by dividing the average daily feed intake by the average daily weight gain.
MICROBIAL COUNTS
After the 8th week, at 57 day fecal samples will be collected from the ileo-caecum of the eviscerated birds, and analyzed for microbial intensity fresh samples from the small intestine will be collected immediately after slaughter and transported to the laboratory (under the protection of ice blocks) for microbiology analysis.
Statistics analysis
The data collected will be subjected to a one way analysis of variance in a completely randomized design (crd) . where significant differences between means are observed, such means will be separated using fishers least significant difference (F-LSD) (Obi 2002). The
Xij= µ+Ti + Eij
Where:
Xij = Any Observation
µ = Population Mean
Ti = Treatment Effect
Eij = Experimental Error
I = Number of Treatment
J = Number of Replicate
REFERENCES
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EFFECT OF GINGER AND GARLIC ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND GUT MICROBIAL INTENSITY OF BROILER CHICKENS
A
PROJECT PROPOSAL
PRESENTED TO
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
EBONYI STATE UNIVERSITY
ABAKALIKI
COURSE CODE: ANS 599
COURSE TITLE: RESEARCH PROJECT
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