Effects of Alcohol on some Biochemical Parameters of Alcoholics in Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
This work was aimed at finding the effects of alcohol on some biochemical parameters. A total of one hundred and eighty (180) apparently healthy, non-hypertensive male alcoholics were used for the study.
Forty (40) non-consumers of alcohol were used as control. The activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the control was 10.50±2.00 IU/L while it was 16.50±1.50 IU/L; 17.50±2.00 IU/L and 18.31±2.00 IU/L in alcoholics who showed preference for palmwine, beer and distilled spirit respectively.
Also, the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the control was 9.51±0.35 IU/L while it was 18.44±0.40 IU/L, 19.21±0.19 IU/L, 20.32±0.64 IU/L in alcoholics who showed preference for palmwine, beer and distilled spirit respectively.
The ALT and AST activities of alcoholic subjects who showed preference for distilled spirit was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those who showed preference for palmwine and beer. The activities of alcoholics who showed preference for palmwine was the lowest.
Furthermore, the serum total bilirubin concentration of the alcoholics was significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared with the control.
The serum total bilirubin concentrations were 18.65±2.10 μmol/l, 19.40±1.50 μmol/l and 22.75±1.60 μmol/l for alcoholics who showed preference for palmwine, beer and distilled spirit respectively.
The serum total bilirubin of the control was 8.30 ± 2.00 μmol/l. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of the alcoholic subjects was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared with the control.
The ALP activity of the control was 61.50 ± 30.00 IU/L while the ALP activity was 174.20±2.50 IU/L, 175.10±1.50 IU/L and 177.40±1.00 IU/L in the three categories of alcoholics who showed preference for palmwine, beer and distilled spirit respectively.
Moreover, the urine total protein concentration of the alcoholics was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared with the control.
Alcoholics who showed preference for distilled spirit had urine total protein of 153.96±0.43 mg/dl followed by alcoholics who showed preference for beer and palmwine who had urine total protein of 152.74±0.42 mg/dl and 151.34±0.60 mg/dl respectively.
The urine total protein of the control was 56.40±0.40 mg/dl. Furthermore, the urine specific gravity, serum urea and creatinine of the alcoholics were significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared with the control.
However, the plasma sodium, potassium and creatinine clearance of the alcoholics were significantly lower (p < 0.05) compared with the control. The body mass index (BMI) of the three groups of alcoholics fell within the range of 18.50 to 24.90.
The blood pressure of both the alcoholic and control subjects were normal (below 140/90 mmHg).
This work therefore shows that chronic alcohol use could induce both hepatic and renal dysfunctions in the alcoholics which manifested in form of adverse variations in some biochemical parameters of prognostic and diagnostic utility.
INTRODUCTION
Generally, alcohol designates a class of compounds that are hydroxyl derivatives of aliphatic hydrocarbons. However, in this study, the term alcohol used without additional qualifications refers specifically to ethanol.
A variety of alcoholic beverages have been consumed by man in the continuing search for euphoria producing stimuli.
Among some people, alcohol enjoys a high status as a social lubricant that relieves tension, gives self confidence to the inadequate, blurs the appreciation of uncomfortable realities and serves as an escape from environmental and emotional stress.
Alcohol has been loved and hated at different times by different people. Alcohol has been celebrated as healthful especially to the heart (red wine) and most pleasant to the taste buds; and then dismissed as “demon’s rum” and “devil in solution” depending on the prevalent view.
In spite of the apparent divergent and sometimes conflicting opinions about alcohol, the consensus shared by drinkers and non drinkers alike is that excessive and chronic consumption of alcohol is a disorder. Like any other chronic disorder, it develops insidiously but follows a predictable course.
The first or pre-alcoholic symptomatic phase begins with the use of alcohol to relieve tensions. The second (or prodromal) phase is marked by a range of behaviours including preoccupation with alcohol, surreptitious drinking and loss of memory (Hock et al., 1992).
In the third (or crucial) phase, the individual loses control over his drinking. This loss of control is the beginning of the disease process of addiction. The individual starts drinking early in the morning and stays up drinking till late in the night.
Impairment in biochemical activities becomes manifest as the organs of the alcoholic begin to deteriorate. Other medical problems develop by the time the alcoholic gets into the final (chronic phase). Prolonged intoxications become the rule.
Alcoholic psychosis develops, thinking is impaired, and fear and tremors become persistent (Klemin and Sherry, 1981).
REFERENCES
Abraham, K. and Grieze, E. (2007). Effects and dangers of alcohol. American Journal of Clinical Chemistry, 92: 105–120.
Abuelo, J.G. (1983). Proteinuria: Diagnostic principles and procedures. Annals of Internal Medicine, 98: 186 – 191.
Agarwal, K.K. and Agarwal, D.P. (2000). Genetic predisposition for alcoholism. Therumsch, 57(4): 179–184.
Agarwal, A.S., Carolyb, E., Lynsky, M.T., Grant, J.D. and Nellson, E.C. (2009). Evidence for an interaction between age at first drink and genetic influences on DSM–IV alcohol dependence symptoms: Alcoholism. Clinical and Experimental Research, 33(12): 17–25.
Andreasson, S. and Allebeck, P. (2005) Alcohol as medication is no good more risks than benefits according to a survey of current knowledge. Lakartidningen, 102 (9): 632 – 337.
Antkiewez, M.L, Romaska, I. and Papla, I. (2000). Neurochemical Changes induced by acute and chronic administration of 1,2,3,4,-tetrahydro-isoquinoline and salsolinol in dopaminergic structures of rat brain. Newuroscience, 5: 10 – 20.
Join Our Newsletter!
Don’t miss this opportunity
Enter Your Details
Be the first to comment