– Evaluation of Anti-ulcer Properties of Methanol Extract of Terminalia Superba Engl. & Diels (Combretaceae) Stem Bark –
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ABSTRACT
Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels (Combretaceae), is a member of the genus Terminalia that comprises around 100 species distributed in tropical regions of the world.
In Africa it is found along the coast of west and central Africa. It has different uses in traditional medicine such as antimalarial, anti-diabetic, anti-fungal, and anti-hypertensive in the areas where it is found. Most of these uses are yet to be scientifically investigated.
The powdered stem bark of Terminalia superba was extracted by maceration using methanol. The crude extract was chromatographically fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol.
Phytochemical analysis was conducted on the crude methanol extract, n-hexane, methanol, and ethyl acetate fractions using standard procedures. The LD50 of the crude methanol extract was determined using Lorke’s method.
The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, resins and reducing sugars.
The crude extract, the methanol and ethyl acetate fractions were investigated for anti-ulcer activity using the ethanol, stress, and aspirin induction models.
The parameters evaluated were ulcer index and percentage protective index. The data was statistically analysed.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page ——— i
Certification ———— ii
Dedication ————- iii
Acknowledgements ————– iv
Table of Contents—————- v
List of Tables———– vii
List of Figures ———– viii
Abstract —————- ix
Chapter One ——— 1
1.1 Introduction ——— 2
1.2 The Plant Terminalia superba———- 4
1.2.1 Uses————- 9
1.3 Some previous researches on T. superba Engl. & Diels ——– 13
1.4 Ulcers ———— 17
1.4.1 Pathophysiology of stomach ulcers —— 17
1.4.2 Treatment of ulcers ————- 18
1.5 In vivo models used for evaluation of potential anti-gastro duodenal ulcer agents —— 30
1.6 Acute toxicity testing————– 33
Chapter Two: Materials and Methods
2.1 Reagents and Equipments —————– 34
2.2 Experimental procedure————– 35
2.2.1 Collection, Identification and Preparation———– 35
2.2.2 Microscopy ———– 35
2.2 3 Extraction ———- 35
2.2.4 Preliminary phytochemical screening of powdered bark ———- 36
2.2.5 Acute toxicity test of crude extract—– 39
2.2.6 Fractionation———— 40
2.2.7 Evaluation of antiulcer activity———- 41
Chapter Three: Results
3.1 Macroscopy ————- 46
3.2 Microscopy————– 48
3.3 Phytochemical screening——- 54
3.4 Acute toxicity ————– 58
3.5 Antiulcer activity ———– 59
Chapter Four: Discussion and Conclusion
4.1 Discussion —————- 64
4.2 Conclusion——————- 66
References—————– 67
Appendix ————— 80
INTRODUCTION
The fact that nature has bestowed us with abundant provision and resources for healing through herbs is not in doubt and cannot be over emphasized.
Man has used plants as sources of food and medicine since creation. Many applications of plants as medicines are not scientifically evaluated but are based on reported success in healing/cure over time.
The use of plants and plant parts for medicinal purposes can be described with different names, such as Traditional Medicine, Complimentary Alternative Medicine (CAM) but the contents are the same, natural substances.
Traditional medicine is the sum total of knowledge, skills and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures that are used to maintain health, as well as to prevent, diagnose, improve or treat physical and mental illnesses…
in some Asian and African countries, 80% of the population depend on traditional medicine for primary healthcare (WHO , 2008).
Almost 65% of the world’s population has incorporated the value of plants as a methodology of medicinal agents into their primary modality of health care (Lanfranco, 1992).
REFERENCES
Adinortey MA, Ansah C, Galyuon I, and Nyarko A, 2013. In vivo models used for evaluation of potential anti-gastro duodenal ulcer agents Ulcers Volume 13,
Aguwa CN and Lawal AM., 1988. Pharmacologic studies on the active principles of Calliandra portoticensis leaf extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 22: 63-71.
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Aguwa CN. 1985. Gastrointestinal effects of the extracts of Rhigiocarya racemifera (Menispermaceae). Gen Pharmacol 16: 387-390.
Ahon MA, Akapo-Akue JM, Kra MA, Ackah JB, Zirihi NG, and Djaman JA, 2011. Antifungal activity of the aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of Terminalia superba on the in vitro growth of clinical isolates of pathogenic fungi Agric. Biol. J. N. Am.,2(2): 250-257
Akah P. A, Onyirioha C. A, Nworu C. S, and Ndu O. O., 2009. Gastro-Protective Effects of the Leaf Extract and Fractions of Fleurya aestuans L (Urticaceae), InternationalJournal of Health Research, 2(1): 65-73.
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