FISH CLONING AND SPAWNING MADE EASY

INTRODUCTION

Cloning of any DNA fragment essentially involves four steps;

Fragmentation:  Breaking apart a strand of DNA.

Ligation: Gluing together pieces of DNA in a desired sequence.

Transfect ion: Inserting the newly formed pieces of DNA into cells.

Screening/ Selection: Selecting out the cells that were successfully transfected with the new DNA.

MATERIALS FOR FISH CLONING

METHOD OF FISH CLONING

Zebra fish served as an excellent model for understanding normal development and birth defects. More recently, research with Zebra fish has extended to model human diseases and to analyze the formation and functions of cell populations with organs.

 The normal cloning technique uses an unfertilized egg and a donor cell. The DNA is removed from the egg and replaced from the donor. The egg is then coaxed into dividing the resulting fish is an exact genetic copy of the donor.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FISH CLONING

Advantages:

Ø The exercise produces new offspring that are genetically identical, they will all have the desired characteristics.

Ø  Organisms that are difficult or slow to breed normally can be reproduced quickly.

Disadvantages:

Ø If a clone is susceptible to disease or changes in the environment, then all the clones will be susceptible.

Ø It will lead to less variation, and less opportunity to create new varieties in future.

SIGNIFICANCE OF FISH CLONING IN BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

·        Molecular cloning allows scientists to not only discover what proteins are present and their function, but also explore what happens in a cell wall when these proteins are changed. When studying cell divisions, specifically, scientists look for proteins that control the beginning and end of division, even the replication within the cell, example; Histones.

·        By manipulating cells with cloning and learning more about specific proteins, scientists can take their research and apply it to large- sale research endeavors like diseases and pathogens.

·        It is vital to note, however, the cloning is not used to study just proteins involved in the cell cycle. Molecular cloning has lead scientists to discover the entire genetic sequences of many different species, inactivate genes in both human and other organisms and create transgenic like herbicide resistant plants and glow- in- the dark fish. For instance, when tropical fish give off a slight glow because they have been marked with the same fluorescence that is native to some species of jellyfish.

·        The biotechnology significance; the cloning of zebra fish by nuclear transfer from long- term cultured cells opens a new avenue for gene targeting in this important model organism.

Reference:

·        Textbook of somatic cell nuclear transfer- Embryo twinning. By; Hans Diriesh (1885), Article on cloning- Star Garden (April 2014).

·        Article on MSU Researchers- Improve cloning method for zebra fish. By; Jose Cibelli and Tom Oswald (August 2009).

·        Textbook on Heat shock genes and their functional significance in fish. By; A E. Todgham, P A. Ackerman, George K. Iwama (2002).

Chris Farm Nigeria develops well self-explanatory, irresistible feasibility studies or business plan for your Business start ups, Business Growth or Expansions through either personal funds, Grants, or loans, which could be new or existing ones. We delight in writing for people under Academic sectors, production sectors, manufacturing sectors, processing or packing sectors, advertising sectors, marketing sectors and other related sectors on mini, middle and large scale businesses.

For your Agribusiness, either production, processing, marketing of any Agro-industry, our feasibility studies or business plan are explicit.

Generally, our feasibility study and business plans are developed so well that it becomes irresistible when you show them to your investors or sponsors. It gives you a clear picture of what you are expected to see when you put the feasibility study or business plans into use. It also shows how much it will cost you to own your desired business, what your money can afford. The kinds of product you will need to minimize input in other to maximize output, and how much returns you will get at the end of each accounting year until your business break-even on its initial investment capital. This will give the intending business person or investor or farmer, a vivid idea on the possible benefit he or she stands to gain, when he or she starts doing the business. With that, the intending business person or investor or farmer will not need a soothsayer to make decision for him or her.

SECTION 1(Business plan section)

• SECTION I – EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
• NAME OF BUSINESS / COMPANY
• OFFICE & SITE LOCATION
• MOTIVATION
• MISSION STATEMENT
• SOCIAL/ECONOMIC VALUE
• PROJECT STATUS & START UP
• WHY PREPARE THIS BUSINESS PLAN?
• SECURITIES FOR THE PROPOSED LOAN
• REPAYMENT
• SECTION II – STUDY AREA
• STUDY AREA
• COMPANY OVERVIEW
• MANAGEMENT TEAM
• DEPARTMENTS IN THE COMPANY
• EXPERIENCE
• MANAGEMENT TEAM GAPS
• SECTION III – INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
• DEFINING YOUR INDUSTRY
• YOUR INDUSTRY SIZE GROWTH RATE AND SALES PROJECTIONS
• INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
• MARKET OVERVIEW
• MARKET SEGMENTATION
• RELEVANT MARKET SIZE
• KEY SUCCESS FACTORS
• LONG TERM PROSPECTIVE
• MARKET CHARACTERISTICS
• SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
• SECTION IV – CUSTOMER ANALYSIS
• TARGET CUSTOMERS
• CUSTOMER NEEDS
• MARKET NEEDS / SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
• BUYERS BEHAVIOUR
• MARKET SHARE
• SALES FORECASTING
• SECTION V – COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS
• DIRECT COMPETITORS
• COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES
• SECTION VI – MARKETING PLAN
• PRODUCTS & SERVICES
• FINISHED PRODUCTS
• PRODUCT QUALITY AND PRODUCTION QUANTITY
• PRODUCTION CAPACITY
• PRICING
• PROMOTIONS PLAN
• DISTRIBUTION PLAN
• SECTION VII – OPERATIONS PLAN
• GENERAL APPROACH TO PRODUCTION
• TECHNICAL ANALYSIS / PRODUCTION PROCESS
• EQUIPMENT
• PACKAGING REQUIREMENTS
• SECTION VIII – FINANCIAL PLAN
• REVENUE MODEL
• FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
• FINANCIAL ASSUMPTIONS
• FINANCE CHARGES
• FINANCIAL PROJECTIONS
• FUNDING REQUIREMENTS/USE OF FUNDS
• CRITICAL ASSUMPTIONS

SECTION 2(Feasibility study section)

• FINANCIAL MODELS
• SUMMARY OF PROJECT COST
• BUDGET OF FIXED ASSETS / CAPITAL EXPENSES / INVESTMENTS
• DEPRECIATION
• UTILITIES
• OPERATING EXPENSES (OPEX)
• TOTAL REQUIRED INVESTMENT OUTLAY (REQUIRED START-UP CAPITAL)
• FINANCING PLAN
• INSTALLED / AVAILABLE EQUIPMENT
• BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS
• LOAN REPAYMENT SCHEDULE AND INTEREST PAID
• FORECAST OF PROFIT AND LOSS
• CASH FLOW
• BALANCE SHEET
• GENERAL ASSUMPTIONS (BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS)
• BUSINESS RATIOS – PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
• CONCLUSION
• SECTION 3 – APPENDIX

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·         NOTE; According to our policy, we are not “allowed / permitted” to disclose peoples business or written feasibility study, “to anyone”, irrespective of their personality.

·        BUT, WE are permitted to display only executive summary.

·         This is just a sample of our executive summary on poultry feasibility study and business plan, carried out in Rivers State. 

·         1^st sample;

These Feasibility study on poultry farming business (specializing on layers and boilers production), was conducted using projections, impressive publications, compounding interest/values, tables, graph, bar chart, pie chart, profits analysis and cash flow positions in other to give a clear picture of what is obtainable in that location, using eight plots of land, at Esemdiary village, Off Effurun Sapele Road, Okpe LGA of Delta state, Nigeria as a case study. 

Esemdiary village is a community in Okpe Local Government Area of Delta State with coordinates 05°26’N 5°57’E, which also plays the host community to the Warri Airport, which is actually located at Osubi. 

Okpe Local Government is a territory that used to be part of the original Okpe Kingdom, its headquarters is at Orerokpe, with a population of 128,398 people whose primary occupations include commercial farming, fishing, hunting, trading and gas exploration. 

After carrying out the feasibility study on Esemdiary village, Off Effurun-Sapele Road, Okpe LGA of Delta state, Nigeria, it was discovered that, farming generally will do well both on crop and animal production.

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