– Impact of Vehicular Traffic Emissions on Ambient Air Quality in Kaduna Metropolis –
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ABSTRACT
The study investigates the concentrations of CO, NO2, SO2, CO2 and HC arising mainly from the activities of motor vehicles on the ambient air quality of selected sites in Kaduna metropolis. The sites are situated in the Central market area, the Stadium Roundabout, and Kawo area. Others include Bakin Ruwa Junction, Abuja Junction, Sabon Tasha and a control site at the Angwa Rimi G.R.A.
Furthermore, sites situated about a distance of 100m from each of the traffic sites were investigated. The sampling was carried out over both the dry and wet season. Results from dry season survey indicate that the average CO concentrations at the Stadium Roundabout peaked at 29.04ppm.
The site also recorded highest concentrations for NO2, SO2, CO2 and HC at 0.042ppm, 0.040ppm, 370.92ppm and 0.030ppm respectively. In the wet season, the Stadium Roundabout recorded highest CO concentrations at 18.72ppm. NO2 was highest at 0.03ppm in Sabon Tasha. Both Stadium Roundabout and Sabon Tasha area recorded highest SO2 concentration at 0.032ppm.
Sabon Tasha recorded highest concentrations for both CO2 and HC at 370.92ppm and 0.028ppm respectively. Results from comparison of the average CO concentration with the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS), showed that CO concentrations in virtually all sites exceeded the 10ppm for an averaging time of 1 hour in both seasons.
The same was true for SO2, which exceeded the 0.01ppm limit for an averaging time of 1 hour. NO2 limit of 0.04ppm for a 1 hour averaging time was exceeded at Stadium Roundabout in the morning hour, Central Market area in the afternoon, and in the evening hours at Central Market, Stadium Roundabout and Bakin Ruwa all in the dry season. All sites were within limit in the wet season.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ii
DECLARATION iii
CERTIFICATION iv
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
ABSTRACT vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF TABLES xiii
LIST OF PLATES xiv
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xv
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Preamble 1
1.2 Study Area 4
1.3 Problem Statement 6
1.4 Aim and Objectives 6
1.5 Scope 6
1.6 Justification 7
1.7 Limitations 8
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 9
2.1 Air Pollution 9
2.2 Gases in the Air 10 viii
2.3 Air Quality Index (AQI) 11
2.4 Air Pollutants and their Effects 15
2.5 Global Warming 20
2.6 Motor Vehicle Emissions and Local Ambient Air Quality 21
2.6 Vehicular Traffic Emissions 23
2.6.1 Vehicular Traffic Emission in Developing Countries 26
2.6.2 Vehicular Traffic Emissions in Nigerian Cities 27
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY 31
3.1 Materials 31
3.1.1: Equipment and Field Materials 31
3.2 Method 32
3.2.1 Domain of Inquiry and Definitions 32
3.2.2 Spatial and Temporal Coverage 32
3.2.3 Determination of Traffic Levels 33
3.2.4 Determination of Correlation between Traffic Levels and Air Quality 34
3.2.5 Relationship between Concentration of Emission at Source, Receptor and Distance from Emission Source 34
3.3 Characteristics of Study Sites 35
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 42
4.1 Introduction 42
4.2 Comparison of Pollutants Concentration at Sampled Points for Dry and Wet Season 44
4.2.1 Dry Season 44
4.2.2 Wet Season 47
4.3 Comparison of Air Quality Data (Dry and Wet Season) at Traffic Sites With National/Local Standards 50
4.3.1 Dry season 50
4.3.2 Wet Season 54
4.4 Comparison of Air Quality Data (Both Dry and Wet Season) 100 metres away from Traffic Sites with National / Local Standards 58 ix
4.4.1 Dry Season 58
4.4.2 Wet Season 61
4.5 Comparison of Air Quality Data of Kaduna Metropolis with Air Quality Index (AQI) of the United States 63
4.6 Comparison of Air Quality Data at Traffic Point, 100 metres away from Traffic Sites and at Control Location 66
4.6.1 Dry Season 66
4.6.2 Wet Season 69
4.7 Air Quality Predictive Model Showing Variation of Emission with Increasing Distance away from Source 73
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 77
5.1 Conclusion 77
5.2 Recommendations 79
REFERENCES 82
APPENDICES 87
INTRODUCTION
The air we breathe is a mixture of gases and particulate solid and liquid matter. Some of these substances come from natural sources while others are caused by human activities such as our use of motor vehicles, domestic activities, industries and businesses.
Air pollution occurs when the air contains substances in quantities that could harm the comfort or health of humans and animals, damage plants and materials. These substances are called air pollutants and can be either particles, liquids or gaseous in nature (Alias et al., 2007).
Keeping the air quality acceptable has become an important task for decision makers as well as for non-governmental organizations. As many cities around the world become more congested, concerns increase over the level of urban air pollution being generated and in particular its impact on localized human health.
The more this relationship is understood, the better chance there is of controlling and ultimately minimizing such effects. Urban air quality is an issue that is currently on top of air pollution agendas around the world (Colvile et al., 2001). Estimate worldwide show that nearly one billion people in urban environments are continuously being exposed to health hazards from air pollutants (Ahrens, 2003).
REFERENCES
Abam, F.I. and Unachukwu, G.O. (2009). Vehicular emission and air quality standards in Nigeria. European journal of scientific research 34(4):550-560.
Abhishek, T. and Colls, J. (2010). Air pollution Measurement, Modeling and Mitigation, London, Routledge.
Affum, J.K. and Brown, A.L. (1999). Estimating urban air pollution levels from road traffic in TRAEMS, Journal of Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 3(1):139 – 150.
Ahrens, C.D. (2003) Meteorology Today – An Introduction to Weather, Climate and the Environment, 7th edition, Thomson Brooks/Cole.
Akpan, U.G. and Ndoke, P. N. (1999). Contribution of vehicular traffic emission to CO2 emission in Kaduna and Abuja, Nigeria. Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies. p. 81-90.
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