– Induction of Genetic Variability in Selected Groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea l.) Genotypes Using Neutron Irradiation –
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ABSTRACT
Improvement of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is constrained by its narrow genetic base. Studies were conducted to compare the sensitivity of groundnut genotypes to different doses of thermal neutron irradiation, to determine the effective dose for the induction of variability among the genotypes and to evaluate the variability for farmer preferred traits induced by the irradiation.
Three genotypes of groundnut; SAMNUT 21 SAMNUT 23 and SAMNUT 24 obtained from the Institute for Agricultural research were irradiated with five doses of thermal neutron irradiation, 0 Gy, 3 Gy, 6 Gy, 9 Gy and 12 Gy at the Centre for Energy Research and Training, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria in 2013.
The irradiated seeds and their respective controls were sown in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the screen house to produce M1 plants. A total of 96 M1 families generated from M1 plus three controls were evaluated using 11 x 12 augmented designs in 2014.
Data were collected on plant height, number of branches per plant, days to 50% flowering, canopy spread, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight, pod yield per plant, shelling percentage, kernel yield per plant and pod yield at M2. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed among the genotypes for seedling traits measured in the M1 generation.
Progressive decrease in seedling height and other seedling growth parameters with increase in radiation doses was observed in all the genotypes indicating their sensitivity to irradiation. SAMNUT 21 and SAMNUT 23 were found to be more sensitive to thermal neutron irradiation than SAMNUT 24 as they recorded lower survival at 12 Gy.
Seedling height varied from 8.57 to 10.03 cm in materials derived from SAMNUT 21. It varied from 9.90 to 11.17 cm in SAMNUT 23 and from 10.83 to 12.50 cm in SAMNUT 24. Among the various doses, neutron irradiation at 3 Gy resulted in increases in plant height, number of pods per plant, pod yield and kernel yield per plant especially for SAMNUT 24 at M2 generation.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page……… i
DECLARATION……. ii
CERTIFICATION…….. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.. iv
ABSTRACT…….. v
Table of Contents…. vii
List of Figures…. x
List of Tables……. xi
List of Plates………….. xii
List of Appendices……. xiii
- INTRODUCTION…………. 1
- LITERATURE REVIEW…….. 3
- Groundnut 3
- Genetic Variability in Groundnut………… 3
- Mutation Breeding in ………….. 4
- Traits improved using mutation in groundnut…….. 5
- Mutagenic agents………. 6
- Effectiveness and efficiency of mutagens……………. 7
- Radiosensitivity of groundnut to irradiation…. 8
- Heritability and variability components among mutants…………. 9
- Role of Mutation Breeding in Groundnut………. 10
- MATERIALS AND METHODS…….. 11
- The Study Area……………… 11
- Experimental Materials….. 11
- Parental genotypes……… 11
- Development of populations…….. 11
- Evaluations…….. 13
- Assessment of sensitivity to irradiation………… 13
- Field evaluation of M2 for variability for agronomic traits 14
- Cultural practices……….. 14
- Data Collection…………….. 14
- M1 evaluation 14
- M2 evaluation 15
- Statistical Analysis…….. 16
- Determination of Effective Doses………… 20
- Estimation of mutation frequency…… 20
- Estimation of mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency……… 20
- Estimation of Coefficients of Variation………… 20
- RESULTS…………… 22
- Analysis of Variance for Seedling Growth Parameters in M1 Generation 22
- Mutagenic Effect on Seedling Growth Parameters in M1 Generation 22
- Mutation Frequency in M2 Generation…………….. 27
- Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency in M2 generation 27
- Analysis of Variance for Agronomic Traits Measured at M2 Generation 30 4.5 Mean Performance of M2 Plant ….. 30
- Variability for Agronomic Traits in M2 Generation………….. 36
- Estimates of Coefficients of Variation………… 41
- Mutants with Improved Yield and Other Agronomic Traits…………………. 41
- DISCUSSSION……………………. 45
CHAPTER SIX.…………. 49
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS…………………… 49
REFERENCES…….. 52
Appendix A 58
INTRODUCTION
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a self-pollinated crop, an allotetraploid (2n = 4x = 40), belonging to the family Fabaceae, sub-family Papilionidae, tribe Aeschomeneae, sub-tribe Stylosanthinae, genus Arachis and species hypogaea (Isleib et al., 1994). Groundnut is an annual herb of indeterminate growth habit.
It ranks thirteenth among the world food crops, fourth as most important source of edible oil and third as most important source of vegetable protein (FAOSTAT, 2011). It is cultivated in more than 100 countries on about 23.95 million hectares.
The total annual production is about 36.5 metric tons with an average yield of 1520 kg ha-1, of which China (41%), India (21%), Nigeria (8%) and United States of America (7%) are the largest producers (FAOSTAT, 2011). Globally, the largest use of groundnut is for oil, with the meal being used as a high protein dietary supplement for human and animal consumption.
The kernels are rich in protein and vitamins A, E and some members of B group. It is an important protein supplement in animal rations. Groundnut is also of value as a rotation crop. Increasing land salinization and drought have focused breeding objectives of peanut on the development of high-yielding, stress-tolerant peanut cultivars (Wang et al., 2015).
REFERENCES
Abimiku, O.E. and Bello, L.L. (2010). Variability studies of some castor (Ricinus cummunis L) accessions for yield and yield components 6(1):84-91.
Ahloowalia, B.S., Maluszynski, M., Nichterlein, K. (2004). Global impact of mutation- derived varieties. Euphytica, 135:187-204.
Animasaun, D.A., Oyedeji, S., Azeez, M.A. and AO Onasanya (2014). Alkylating efficiency of sodium azide on pod yield, nut size and nutrition composition of samnut 10 and samnut 20 varieties of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.). African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 14(7):9497-9510.
Aparna, M., Anurag C., Sreedhar, M., Pavan Kumar D., Venu-Babu, P. and Singhal, R.K . (2012). Impact of gamma rays on the seed germination and seedling parameters of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Asian Journal of Experimental Biological sciences, 4 (1).
Badigannava, A.M. and Murty, G.S.S. (2007). Genetic enhancement of groundnut through gamma ray induced mutagenesis. Plant Mutation Reports, 1(3):16-21.
Begum T. and Dasgupta T. (2010). A comparison of the effects of physical and chemical mutagens in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Genetics and Molecular Biology, 33(4). doi: 10.1590/S1415-47572010005000090.
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