The history of science is the study of the historical development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural sciences and social science. The history of the arts and humanities are termed the history of such olarship until the late 20th century, the history of science, especially of the physical and biological science, was seen as a narrative of true theories replacing false ones. Science was portrayed as a major dimension of the progress of civilization. Recent historical interpretations, especially those influenced by Thomas Kuhn, the
structure of scientific revolutions (1962), portray the history of science in terms of competing paradigms or conceptual system battling for intellectual supremacy in a wider matrix that includes intellectual, cultural, economic and practical themes outside pure science. New attention is paid to science outside the context of western Europe.
According to Kuhn, each new paradigm rewrites . The history of its science to present by selection and distortions the former paradigm as its forerunner. The description of the history of economic theory below is a good example. Science is a body of empirical, theoretical and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by researchers making use of scientific methods, which emphasized the observation, explanation, and prediction of real world phenomena by experiment. Given the dual status of science as objective knowledge and as a human construct, good historiography of science draws on. The historical methods of both intellectual history and social history observation. Though they had no knowledge of the real physical structure of the planets ad stars, many theoretically explanations were proposed. Basic facts about human physiology were known as some place, and alchemy was practiced in several civilizations . considerable observation of macrobiotic flora and fauna was also performed.
From their beginnings in sumer (now Iraq) bround 3500 BC, mesopotamain people began to attempt to record some observations of the world with extremely thorough numerical data. But their observations and measurements were seemingly taken for purposes other than for scientific laws. A concrete instance of Pythagoras law was recorded , as the 18th century GC. The Mesopotamian cuneiform tablet pumption 322 records a number of Pythagorean triplets (3,4,5), (5,12,13) dated 1900BC, possibly millennia before Pythagoras, but an abstract formulation of Pythagorean theorem was not. In Babylonian astronomy the vigorous noting of the motions of the stars, planets and the moon are left on thousands of clay tablets created by scribes. Even today, astronomical periods indentified by Mesopotamian scientists are still widely used in western calendars such as the sprayer and the lunar month. Using these data they developed arithmetical methods to compute the changing length of daylight on the course of the year and to predict the appearances and disappearance of the moon and planets and eclipses of the sun and moon.
Only a few astronomers names are known, such as that of kidinnu, a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician. Kiddinu’s value for the solar year is in use for today’s calendars. Babylonian astronomy was the first and highly successful attempt at giving a refined mathematical description of astronomical phenomena. According to the historian, A Aaboe, all subsequent varieties of scientific astronomy, in the Hellenistic world, in India, in Islam and in the west . if not indeed all subsequent endeact our in the exact sciences depend upon Babylonian astronomy in decisive and fundamental ways.
Ancient Egypt made significant advances in astronomy, mathematics and medicine their development of geometry was a necessary outgrowth of surveying to preserve the layout and ownership of farmland, which was flooded annually by the Nile river the right triangle and other rules of thumb were used rectiunear structures, and the post and lintel architecture of Egypt was also a centre of alchemy research for much of the Mediterranean.
Related Posts: EDUCATION
Be the first to comment