Optimisation of Bioethanol Production from some Plants Waste Using Acids Pretreatment.
Abstract
The potentials of Saw dust, Rice husk and Groundnut shells were investigated for bioethanol production. The substrates were pretreated using 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% solution of dilute H2SO4 and HCl.
The pretreated substrates were thermally treated at 1050C in order to detoxify them. The pretreated substrates obtained using different concentrations of acids were fermented using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Yeast).
The results show that Rice husk treated with 4% H2SO4 (2.689%dryweight) has the highest result followed by the same sample treated with 2% H2SO4 (2.423%drywieght) then followed by the Saw dust treated with 8% H2SO4 (1.802%dryweight) in which the least result is observed with groundnut shells treated with 8% H2SO4 (0.862%dryweight).
All these were observed to be significantly different as calculated and checked between individuals differences at 0.5% confidence limit using ANOVA.
Also from the results, it is clear that the samples treated with sulphuric acid treatments were better at reserving the actual sugar (glucose) content.
Table Of Contents
TITLE PAGE………………. i
DEDICATION…………………..ii
CERTIFICATION…………………….iii
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………….. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………….vi
LIST OF FIGURES………..ix
LIST OF TABLES………………… x
ABSTRACT……….. xi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW
- Introduction……………..1
- Research Problems………….. 4
- Scope and Limitation……5
- Aim and Objectives…………..5
- Literature Review…………… 6
- Ethanol 6
- Bioethanol……………… 8
- Natural Occurrence of Ethanol…………….. 10
- Uses of Ethanol……………………10
- Economic Importance of Bioethanol Production…….. 10
- Problems Associated with Ethanol Production………..11
- Bioethanol Feedstocks……………….12
- Technology of Bioethanol Production………….. 13
- Bioethanol Production from Cellulose Materials in Particular……………..16
- Common Alcohol Processing Steps………..20
- Pretreatment Process…………20
- Cellulose Hydrolysis…………. 21
- Detoxification……………..22
- Fermentation………………..23
- Separation/Distillation…………..24
- Proximate Analysis……………24
- Determination of Moisture Content………….25
- Determination of Ash Content……..26
- Applicable Methods of Analysis………….26
CHAPTER TWO: MATERIALS AND METHODS
- Materials……………………27
- List of Apparatus/Equipments…………….27
- List of Reagents Used……………… 28
- Reagents Preparations…………………29
- Sample Collection and Sample Treatment……………..30
- Methods……………………31
- Pre-treatment Process…………..31
- Acid Pre-treatment………31
- Thermal Treatment…………31
- Detoxification………………32
- Fermentation………………..32
- Distillation………………………32
- Pre-treatment Process…………..31
- Proximate Analysis Test…………………33
- Determination of Moisture Content………….. 33
- Determination of Ash Content…………….33
- Organic Matter Content and Carbon Content Composition………33
- Determination of Sugar Content……………….34
- Determination of Ethanol Content…………. 34
- Statistical Analysis………………..35
CHAPTER THREE: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Results 36
- Physical Characteristics of the Samples……………..36
3.1.2. Proximate Composition of the Samples…………….37
- Reducing Sugar Content Result………… 38
- Ethanol Concentration Result………39
- Discussion……………………40
- The Proximate Composition Analysis……….. 40
- The Reducing Sugar Content……………..40
- The Bioethanol Content…………..42
CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Conclusion………….45
- Recommendations……….. 46
REFERENCES…….47
APPENDICES……..51
Introduction
Background Of Study
Biofuels (Bioethanol, Biodiesel, and Biogas) are fuels produced from biomass (a biodegradable material) for heating, electricity generation and transport purposes etc (Garba, 1999).
Bioethanol can be produced from any biological feedstock’s that contains appreciable amount of sugar/carbohydrate or materials that can be converted into sugar such as starch or cellulose.
Ethanol from renewable resources has been of interest in recent decades as an alternative fuel to the current fossil fuels.
Lignocelluloses biomass like wood and agricultural crops residue, e.g., straw and sugar beet pulp are potential raw materials for producing several high-value products like fuel ethanol and biodiesel (Yoswathana et al., 2010).
Because of the recent increase in the gas price and interest in environmental issues, the demand of ethanol as substitute of gasoline is rapidly increasing.
Basically, there are five (5) steps in ethanol production, and these include; grinding, cooking, fermentation, distillation, and hydration. In each step, there are several ideas to improve its productivity and benefits (Onuki, 2010).
For a large production of bioethanol; it is convenient to use cheaper and abundant substrates always.
So by using waste products from forestry, agriculture and industries, the cost of feedstocks may be reduced; if we consider producing ethanol from feedstocks such as maize, sugarcane, sweet potatoes, rice pulps etc;
which constitutes a larger percentage of the production cost (Energy Commision of Nigeria, 2010).
References
Ado, S.A., Kachalla, G.U., Tijjani, M.B. and Aliyu, M. S. (2009). Ethanol Production from Corn cobs by Co-Cultures of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Aspergillus Niger. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2(2): 99 – 101.
Ali, M. N. and Khan, M. M. (2014). Comparative Studies on Bioethanol Production with Immobilized Cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Local Strain and Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTCC 170 by Stationary and Shaking Fermentation Methods. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 3(1) 380-390.
Allen, S.E., Grinshaw, H.M., parlinson, J. A. And quarmbly, C.. (1974) Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials Black Well Scientific Publishers London.
Angela, G. and T. Koehler, (2000). An Evaluation of the Potential for Ethanol Production in Oregon Using Cellulose-Based Feedstocks. Oregon Office of Energy Salem. Oregon Cellulose- Ethanol Study, pp: 57-60.
AOAC, (1991). Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Harwits, W. (Ed.), 14th Edition., Washington. D.C., pp: 26-37.
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