– Optimization and Production of Adhesives from Cassava and Corn Starch Using Design Mixture Method –
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ABSTRACT
Starch was extracted from cassava tubers and corn cobs using wet extraction method. Various formulations were developed and hence the optimum quality was obtained. The formulations were gotten from design mixture method using design expert software.
The test carried out on the formulations were determination of PH, and the PH of the adhesive is 6.8, sediment volume, water binding capacity, solubility and swelling power which is fairly comparable. The moisture content of the formulations is 85% and that of the standard is 65-85%
The experimental values of bond strength for different samples were optimized using design mixture method (Minitab software). And result obtained from using this software showed that the bond strength is greatly dependent on the amount of borax that is added to the mixture.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION i
CERTIFICATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
ABSTRACT viii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Definition of adhesives 2
1.3 Aim and objectives of the study 3
1.4 Statement of the problem 4
1.5 Significance of the study 4
1.6 Scope of the work 4
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 History of starch of adhesives 5
2.2 Starch 6
2.3 Description of cassava starch 7
2.4 Description of corn starch 8
2.5 Basic components of starch adhesives/ Classification of adhesives 9
2.6 Chemistry adhesives/principle of adhesion 9
2.7 Bonding process/types of adhesive 10
2.8 Requirements for industrial adhesives/description of starch adhesive 11
2.9 Description of starch adhesive 11
2.10 Response surface methodology 13
2.11 Applications of adhesives 14
2.12 Physical properties of starch/ Chemical properties of starch 15
2.14 Wood adhesives 15
2.15 Characterization of cassava and corn starch 16
2.16 Methods for characterization and results obtained 16
2.17 Components of starch adhesives 18
2.18 Wood adhesive bonding strength evaluation 20
2.19 Evaluation of wood adhesives 22
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Materials 28
3.2 Equipment used 28
3.3 Preparation of cassava starch 28
3.4 Basic unit operations for cassava 29
3.5 Preparation of corn starch 29
3.6 Basic unit operation for corn 29
3.7 Production process of adhesives 30
3.8 Optimization 30
3.9 Statistical analysis 30
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Result of characterization of the starch 32
4.2 Surface Response and Optimization Analysis 33
4.3 Optimization of the Response 36
4.4 Effect of the ratio of borax, starch and NaOH on the bond strength of the adhesive 38
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 41
5.2 Recommendation 42
REFERNCES
INTRODUCTION
Technology has played an important role in man’s development and thus, has helped to shape the world as it is seen today. This could be seen in all facets of industrial ventures, hence the introduction of new products into market.
Man’s growing desire to hold two or more substance together by surface attachment so that they can be used as a single piece coupled with the technological advancement has given birth to a broad range of adhesive production to serve this purpose.
This technique of bonding adhesive has come of age. It is not possible to say when the practice was first developed and used, from history, history made us to believe that the first adhesive even made or used by man was probably clay, animal glue and resinous exudates from trees of which is known to go back a very long way over 3300 years ago.
The Egyptians used vegetable glue adhesive in wood works and in the production of papyri (i.e a material similar to paper that’s made from papyrus plant).
It was during 19th century that were technology advancement which led to sourcing and production of varieties of adhesive. In 1912, F.G parkins found out that starch could be converted by mild caustic soda solution into a liquid glue that was stable at room temperature.
Most of the popular adhesive currently in use in the country are imported and as such the clamor for adhesive that are locally produced is the primary concern for embarking on this project.
It is the aim of this project to produce wood adhesive from local raw materials using maize or corn and cassava as the case study or reference study.
REFERENCES
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Cornstarch, Everything2.retrieved 2017-06-08. Cornstarch definition of cornstarch by Merriam-webster.com
Domínguez, J. C., Oliet, M., Alonso, M. V., Rojo, E.and Rodríguez, F. (2013) Structural, thermalandrheological behavior of a bio-based phenolic resin in relation to a commercial resol resin. Ind. Crop. Prod., 42, 308–314.
Donmez Cavdar, A.; Kalaycioglu, H.and Hiziroglu, S. (2008) Some of the properties of oriented strandboard manufactured using kraft lignin phenolic resin. J. Mater. Process. Technol., 202, 559–563.
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FAO(1983) Proceedings of the workshop on processing technologies for cassava and other tropical roots and tubers in Africa, November 28th – December 2nd, 1983.
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