The concern of internal validity is to find out if evaluative approach has measured the intended objectives of a given policy. It focuses on finding, if the design is consistent with the goals of the program and the needs of the sponsor.
The external validity, ask to what extent the findings nay be applicable to more general circumstances. What does the study say about similar stated policies? Can the study be replicated and expected to produce similar result? To determine these, two approaches are adopted, namely, qualitative techniques and quantitative techniques
Qualitative Techniques
This evaluative style depends on qualitative information derived from reading about the policies, interviewing the policy community, both state and non-state actors, and by getting involved in the….
Implementation of the policy or programme. In this technique, the policy evaluator reads every thing concerning such policy, such as, the subject matter, background to such policy, agency documents, and the procedure of operations internal memoranda, news papers and magazine articles and reports of various interest groups.
In evaluating a policy, the researcher or evaluator does not need to study everywhere such policy affects, the analyst settles on a limited number of areas as the focus of the evaluation. By selecting an area, qualitative becomes exploratory as the analyst selects an area of study and applying hypothesis- guided formular.
Besides, the use of hypothesis and intensive interviews is applied in qualitative evaluation. The stills of interviewing include; detailed information gathering sessions that must reflect interviewers credentials, setting proper climate, arranging questions effectively, asking reasonable but challenging questions and keeping a good record of all that is said. The next step is the review of the interview granted, so as to conform the records and improve the notes taken.
Another alternative means of gathering qualitative information is the use of a participant observers. The participant observers are those who are actively involved in the policy process and at the same time very keen in watching actions in the organization. Such people use first-hand information to draw conclusions. Study Questions Let us note that both internal validity and external validity can be questioned using qualitative technique indispensable aspect of policy process?
Quantitative Techniques
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