Clinical Manifestations, Blood Parameters, Response to Treatment of Naturally Occuring Cases of Bovine Trypanosomosis In Niger State, Nigeria

Clinical Manifestations, Blood Parameters, Response to Treatment of Naturally Occuring Cases of Bovine Trypanosomosis In Niger State, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT  

A longitudinal study was conducted to assess the clinical manifestation, response to treatment, and biochemical alterations to bovine trypanosomosis in some selected Local Government Areas of Niger State.

A total of 343 cattle from thirty-nine (39) herds were examined for infection with trypanosomes. Parasitological, haematological and biochemical tests were carried out on their blood and serum samples.

Clinical signs, changes in haematological and biochemical values were monitored post treatment with diminazene aceturate and isomethamidium chloride.

The most prevalent clinical signs observed were emaciation (75%), weakness (71%) intermittent anorexia (65%), pale mucous membrane (58%), epiphora (45%), and dark/rough hair coat (41%).

Three species of trypanosomes were identified in the infected animals, Trypanosoma vivax (5.5%), T. congolense (5.5%), and T. brucei (2.0%).

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page………………………………………………….………………………………. i
Declaration …………………………………………….…………………………….……..ii
Certification……………………………………………..……………………….…………iv
Dedication………………………………………………..………………………..…………v
Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………………..vi
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………..…….…….viii
List of Tables………………………………………………………………….……..…….xiii
List of Plates…………………………………………………………………………..…..xiv
List of Figures………………………………………………………………..…..………….xv
List of Abbreviation…………………………………………………..…………………..xvi
Abstract………………………………………………………….………….…………….xvii

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………….…………1
1.1 Background of the Study………………………………………………………………1
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem………………………..…………….…….……..2
1.3 Justification of the Study………………………………………………………….…..3
1.4 Aim of the Study……………………………………………………………..……..….4
1.5 Objectives of the Study ………………………………………………………….……..4
1.6 Research Questions …………………………………….………………….…………..4

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW…………..…………………………………..……………..6
2.1 African Animal Trypanosomosis………………………………………………………6
2.2 Aetiology…………………………………………………………………………..…….6
2.3. Taxonomy……………………………………………………………………………….7
2.3.1 Subgenus Nannomonas……………………….……………..……………………….9
2.3.2 Subgenus Duttonella……………………………….…………..…………………….9
2.3.3 Subgenus Pycnomonas ……………………………………..………………………10
2.3.4 Subgenus Trypanozoon……………………………….…..…………………………10
2.4 Host Range to Trypanosoma Species…………………………………………………12
2.5 Pathogenesis of Trypanosomosis ……………………….…………………………….13
2.5.1. Haematological changes……………………………………..……..………………16
2.5.2 Serum biochemical changes ………………………..…………….………………..17
2.6 Pathological Changes in Trypanosomosis…………………………………..…..……24
2.7 Histopathological Changes ………………………………………………….…….….26
2.8 Risk Factors for Trypanosome Infection.….…………………………….……..……26
2.8.1 The parasite.…………………………………………………………………………26
2.8.2 The vector….……………………………………………………………..………….27
2.8.3 The host…….…………………………………………………………………..……28
2.9 Epidemiology of Trypanosomosis………………………………………….…………28
2.9.1 Occurrence of the trypanosomosis ……………………………………..…………28
2.9.2 Prevalence of the trypanosomosis…………………………………………………………………..29
2.9.3 Transmission of trypanosomosis……….…………….……..……..…………………..31
2.10 Clinical Signs of Trypanosomosis……………………………………………………………………34
2.11 Diagnosis of Trypanosomosis…………………….………………………………….37
2.11.1 Clinical diagnosis of trypanosomosis………………………..…………..……….37
2.11.2 The parasitological diagnosis of trypanosomosis………….…………..…………38
2.11.3 Immunological diagnosis of trypanosomosis……….…….…………….………..39
2.11.4 Molecular diagnosis of trypanosomosis…………….………………….…………40
2.12 Differential Diagnosis of Trypanosomosis.…….…….……………….….…………41
2.13 Prevention and Control of Trypanosomosis …………….…………….……….….42
2.13.1 Vector control………………………………………………………………………42
2.13.2 Trypanotolerant breed of cattle…………………………….……………….……43
2.13.3 Immunologic control of trypanosomes……………………..………..……………44
2.14 Chemotherapy and Chemoprophylaxis………………………………..…………..45
2.14.1 Diminazene aceturate…………………………………………………..…………46
2.14.2 Isomethamidium chloride…………………………………………….………..…..46
2.15 Drug Resistance in Trypanosomosis………………………………………………..47
2.16 Economic Implication of Trypanosomosis ………………………………….……..48
2.17 Public Health Significance of Bovine Trypanosomosis……………………………50

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS……………………………………………………..53
3.1 The Study Area …………………………………………………….………..……….53
3.2 Study Design……………………………………………………….…………………..55
3.3 Study Population………………………………………………….……..…………….55
3.4 Sample Size…………………………………………………….……………………….55
3.5 Ethical Approval ……………………………………………………………………..56
3.6 Clinical Examination of the Animals ……………………….………………….……56
3.7 Trypanocidal Drugs Treatment Response…………………….……………………56
3.8 Clinical and Laboratory Investigation………………………………………………..57
3.8.1 Haematological samples collection……………………………..……….………….57
3.8.2 Parasitological evaluation………………………………………..…………………57
3.9 Haematological Evaluations……………………………………………………………58
3.10 Serum Biochemical Evaluation ……………………………………………..………58
3.10.1 Measurement of serum enzymes …………………………………………..………58
3.10.2 Estimation of serum glucose, total serum protein, globulin and albumin………58
3.10.3 Determination of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and
LDL cholesterol………………………………………..………………………..….59
3.10.4 Measurement of calcium, iron, zinc and copper in the serum……………….….59
3.10.5 Measurement of total serum sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonates…59
3.11 Data Management and Analyses…………………………………………………….60

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS………………………………………………………………………………61
4.1. Proportion of Trypanosome Infections in the Sampled Cattle……….……………61
4.2 Clinical Manifestation and Parasitological Analysis……………………………..….63
4.3. Haematological Findings on day 0 Before Treatments……………………….…….66
4.4 Biochemical Analysis of Trypanosome Infected Cattle…………………..………….69
4.4.1 Serum enzymes……………………………………………………………………..….69
4.4.2 Serum biomolecules…………………………………………………………………..69
4.4.3 Serum minerals……………………………………………………….…..…………73
4.5 Response to Diminazene Aceturate and Isomethamidium Therapy..…….….…….75
4.5.1 Haematological response to diminazene aceturate therapy…………….………….75
4.5.2 Haematological response to isomethamidium chloride therapy………………….78
4.5.3. Effect of treatment with isomethamidium chloride therapy on clinical signs…..81
4.5.4. Effect of treatment with isomethamidium chloride therapy on clinical signs…..81
4.5.5. Trypanosome clearance following trypanocides therapy………………….………84

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION………………………………………………………………….………..87

CHAPTER SIX
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION……………………….……………..100
6.1 Conclusion…………………………………..………………………………………….100
6.2 Recommendations……………………………………..…………………..….……….102
6.3 Limitation of the study………………………………………………………………..103

REFERENCES……………………………………………………………….……………104
Appendices…………………………………………………………………………………..150

INTRODUCTION  

Trypanosomosis is a complex disease caused by trypanosomes, a group of unicellular protozoan parasites found in the blood and other tissues of vertebrates including livestock, wildlife (Tesfaye, 2002) and man (Franco et al., 2014).

The disease is commonly known as “Nagana”, “Samore” or Tsetse fly disease in the bovines (Radostits et al., 2006), and sleeping sickness in man (Franco et al., 2014).

The disease is characterized by anorexia, anaemiadiarrhoea, excessive epiphora, emaciation, weakness and eventual death, in addition to leucopaemiathrombocytopaenia, serum biochemical changes and lesions in some tissues and organs (Igbokwe, 1989; Esievo and Saror, 1991; Uilenberg, 1999; Rodosttis et al., 2006).

The most important trypanosome species infecting livestock are Trypanosoma (T) congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei, primarily for ruminants (Igbokwe, 1995; Onyiah, 1997; Takeet et al., 2013) and T. simiae which primarily infects pigs (Sarkey, 1998).

Trypanosoma evansi and T. equiperdum infects equidae (Moloo et al., 2000; Getachew, 2005; OIE, 2013) while Trypanosom brucei rhodesiense and T. brucei gambiense are known to infect man (Dumas et al., 1999; Franco et al., 2014).

Trypanosomes are commonly transmitted biologically by tsetse flies (Glossina spp), but some cases of mechanical transmission by other haematophagus flies and trans-placental transmission have been reported (Ikede and Losos 1972; Ogwu et al., 1986).

REFERENCES

Abebe, G. and Eley, R. M. (1992). Trypanosome-induced hypothyroidism in cattle. British
Veterinary Journal, 148: 63-70

Abebe, M., Bulto, T., Endesha, T., Nigatu, W. (1988). Further studies on the Trypanosoma
brucei group trypanosome, isolated from a patient infected in Anger-Didessa Valley West
Ethiopia, using the Blood Incubation Infectivity Test (BIIT). Acta Tropica, 45:185−186

Abebe, G., Shaw, M.K., and Eley, R.M. (1993). Trypanosoma congolense in the
microvasculature of the pituitary gland of experimentally infected Boran (Bos indicus)
cattle. Veterinary Pathology, 30:401–409.

Abebe, G. (1991). The integrity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in Boran (Bos
indicus) cattle infected with Trypanosoma congolense. PhD Thesis, Brunel University,
UK.

Abenga, J.N. (2014). A comparative pathology of Trypanosoma brucei infections, A Review.
Global Advanced Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences (GARJMMS), 3
(12): 390-399, (ISSN: 2315-5159).

Abenga, J. N. and Vuza D. (2005). About factors that determine trypanotolerance and prospects
for increasing resistance against Trypanosomosis. African Journal of Biotechnology,
4(13): 1563-1567

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