– Economic History of Ukpum Minya in Pre-Colonial Era –
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ABSTRACT
It has been canvassed that the interaction between man and his habitat, in his bid to eke out a living facilitates his very existence. The implication of this planetization places an enduring burden on him because most provisions of nature are not readily available to him for direct use.
Besides, his basic needs such as food, shelter, clothing, tools and implement and so on, are not directly provided to him.
To circumvent these constraints, he ensures his survival through an economic process which is characterized by three key elements, namely: production, distribution (exchange) and consumption.
This research work is on the economic activities of the people of Ukpum Minya in pre-colonial era.
The research in its findings submits that the economic organization of the people of Ukpum Minya, which is concerned with how the people harness labor and technology to convert environmental resources into desirable products for distribution and consumption, was the means in which the people optimized the material means of their existence in pre-colonial era.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter one: Introduction
1.1 Background to the Study 1-3
1.2 Statement of the Problem 3-4
1.3 Objectives of the Study 4
1.4 Significance of the Study 5
1.5 Scope and limitation – 5-6
1.6 Research methodology 6
1.7 Literature review 6-15
1.8 Organization of chapter 15-16
Chapter two: Origin, Migration and Settlement Of Ukpum Minya People
2.1 Origin – 18-21
2.2 Migration 21-23
2.3 Settlement
Chapter three: Economic Activities of Ukpum Minya People
3.1 Farming 26-31
3.2 Fishing 31-33
3.3 Hunting 33-35
3.4 Weaving 35-36
3.5 Communal labour 36-37
Chapter four: Continuities and Changes in the Economic Activities (Impacts of the economic activities on the Ukpum Minya Clan – Colonial and Post Colonial Era)
4.1 The Historical Consideration of the System of Land Tenure – 40-44
4.2 Geographical Classification of Land in Ukpum Minya – 44-49
4.3 Land jurisdiction in pre-colonial days – – – 50-52
4.4 Preparation for Farming – – – – – 52-56
4.5 Indigenous Ibibio Farm Crops – – – – 56-57
4.7 Imported Cash and Food Crops in Ibibio land – – 57-58
4.8 Ibibio occupations 61
Chapter five: Summary, Conclusion
5.1 Summary 62-63
5.2 Conclusion 63
Bibliography – 64-65
INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study
As earlier noted, the economic activities of man revolve around three major activities namely, production, distribution and consumption. To underscore this assertion, Cook maintains that
The economy is a culturally mediated field of human populations activity in which its members interact with their physical and social environment in the calculated attempt to acquire a living directly or indirectly1.
This view portrays the fact that an economic system is usually referred to as the mode of production which is constituted by the organic unity of the productive forces (labor, power, object of labor and the means of labor tools) and the social relations of production of the three components of the economic process, it is the production aspect that has received the least attention by scholars.
Whereas several scholars have been made on the distributive (exchange) and consumptive aspects of the economy on non western societies; these scholars have concentrated their energies on the classification of economic system into the ‘primitive’ (substantivist) and the ‘advanced’ (formalist) paradigms2.
Non western societies are slotted into the ‘primitive’ typology while western societies are allotted the advanced category3.
In a nutshell, it is the production aspect of economic organization that is primarily concerned with how societies harness labor and technology (tools) to convert environmental resources into desirable products for distribution and consumption.
Broadus argued that production refers to all activities that serve to increase the availability of things we want. Every human society (western or African) has a structured arrangement to optimize the material means of existence of the individual, the community and the group with attendant peculiarities4.
The Ukpum Minya pre-colonial economy remained basically a subsistent economy. It is an area that had abundant natural resources.
The pre-colonial economy of Ukpum Minya depended to a large extent on land. From time immemorial, the people of the area attached great importance to their lands.
They regarded it as their ‘first mother’. It is their mother earth because it is the soil which is their source of water, the rivers, seas and ocean which were so much a part of their everyday life and which provided the various species of fish which they sold to many communities in what is today south-south and south-east geopolitical zones of Nigeria5.
REFERENCES
Andah, B. African Anthropology, Ibadan: Shaneson C. I. Limited, 1985, p. 182.
Ekong, E. Sociology of Ibibio: A Study of Social Organisation and Change, Uyo: Scholars Press, 1982, p. 63.
Etuk, I. Economic Change in Akwa Ibom: 1885 – 1987, unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Department of History and International Studies, University of Uyo, Uyo. 2010, p. 19.
Goldie, H. Calabar and its Mission, Edinburgh Oliphant Anderson and Ferrier, 1980, p. 16
Greenberg, J. The Language of Africa, Indiana: Indiana University, Mouton & Company, 1966, p. 38.
Ina, K. “Ibibio Land Under Colonial Administration, 1893 – 1924”, PhD Dissertation, University of Port Harcourt, 1989, p. 9
Ina, K., The Changing Faces of Ibibio History, 1855 – 1987, Uyo: Ndeco Educational Publishers, 2017, p. 6.
Nkpanam, E. Historical Sketches of Ukpum Minya, Lagos: the Ife Olu Printing Press, 1967, p. 26
Noah, M. Ibibio Pioneers in Modern Nigerian History, Uyo: Scholars Press Limited, 1980, p. 23.
Obio-Offiong, U. A first Step to the Study of Ibibio History, Aba: Aman Press, 1958, p. 31
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