Improving Vehicular Traffic Light Control in A Developing Countryusing Onroad Wireless Sensors Networks.
Abstract
Traffic situation in some cosmopolitan cities in Nigeria, such as Lagos, Port Harcourt and Abuja are becoming chaotic, and resulting in needless waste of man-hour and loss of lives.
Traffic lights are installed at most intersections to control traffic by authorising rite of passage to routes in an orderly manner. The order ensures that the rite of passage is often granted equally to all routes in sequence.
This arrangement has been seen to introduce delay, and consequently increased travelling time of road users.
The delay is attributable to equal insensitivity to the conditions of traffic approaching the intersection. Wireless sensor network (WSN) application in target detection, among others, have been applied to the modern intelligent traffic system.
This research seeks to deploy findings in WSN to improve vehicular traffic light control in a developing country using on-road sensors. `
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page . . . . . . . . . i
Approval Page . . . . . . . . ii
Certification . . . . . . . iii
Declaration . . . . . . . . iv
Dedication . . . . . . . . v
Acknowledgement . . . . . . . vi
Abstract . . . . . . . . . vii
Table of contents . . . . . . viii
List of figures . . . . . . . xi
List of tables . . . . . . . xii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study. . . . . . . 1
1.2 Problem Statement . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Objectives of Study . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Significance of Study . . . . . . . 3
1.5 Scope of the work . . . . . . . . 4
1.6 Thesis Outline . . . . . . . . 4
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Technology Base . . . . . . . 5
2.1.1 Sensor Network . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.2 Types of Sensors . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.3 Data Type . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1.4 Network Topology. . . . . . . . 9
ix
2.2 Related Researches . . . . . . . 10
2.3 Relevance of Related Researches. . . . . . 11
2.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . 12
CHAPTER THREE: IMPROVED VEHICULAR TRAFFIC
CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN
3.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . 13
3.1 Design Specification . . . . . . . 13
3.2 Design Methodology . . . . . . . 15
3.2.1 WSN Nodes. . . . . . . . . 16
3.2.2 Topology . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2.3 Power Supply . . . . . . . 17
3.2.4 Software . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2.5 Microcontroller . . . . . . . . 17
3.2.6 Communication Technology . . . . . . 28
3.2.7 Traffic Light Display . . . . . . . 28
3.3 The Prototype . . . . . . . . 28
3.3.1 Sensor Nodes . . . . . . . 29
3.3.2 Transmitters and Receivers . . . . . . 29
3.3.3 Traffic Light Panel. . . . . . . . 30
3.3.4 Power Supply . . . . . . . 31
3.3.5 Microcontroller . . . . . . . . 31
CHAPTER FOUR: IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES
4.1 Discussion of Results . . . . . . . 35
4.2 Challenges/Constraints . . . . . . . 36
4.2.1 Funding . . . . . . . . . 37
x
4.2.2 Municipal Approval Requirement . . . . . 37
4.2.3 Time Constraint . . . . . . . . 37
4.2.4 Limited Access to Relevant Literature . . . . . 37
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
5.0 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . 38
5.1 Recommendation for Future Work . . . . . 38
5.2 Contribution to Existing Knowledge . . . . . 38
References . . . . . . . . 39
INTRODUCTION
Traffic control relates to the supervision of the movement of people, goods, or vehicles to ensure efficiency and safety[1].Techniques and devicesused to facilitate traffic controlinclude Signs, Signals Markings, Licensing, etc. [2].
Traffic light is one of the popular techniques employed in support of traffic control. It tells road users what to do on approaching an intersection or along a road, i.e. stop or go, and when or how to turn, or move with caution.
Its basic design included the tri-coloured Red to mean Stop, Amber (Yellow) to mean Get-Ready, and Green to mean Right of Way.
The design remained in use till date. However, the basic design has been improved to incorporate automatic timers, motion sensors, LED, among others. Various technologies have been employed as motion sensors. These include wireless sensors.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), as a technology, has been successfully deployed for use in a variety of applications and environments. It focused originally on designing efficient solutions for transfer of information from sensor nodes to a sensor network gateway.
Recently the focus started to shift towards creating sensor network based communities, the Internet of Things, and defining the role and place of sensors and machines in the Future Internet [3].
The successful and promising outcome of such deployments in commercial, medical and industrial applications has led to increase in the interest of new users [4].
The main purpose of sensor networks is to monitor an area, including detecting, identifying, localising and tracking one or more objects of interest [5].
REFERENCES
Paul P. (2016). Traffic Control. Encyclopaedia Britannica. [On-line] Available at http://www.britannica.com/technology/traffic- control#toc64276 Retrieved 4 March, 2016.
Hobbs F. (2016). Traffic Control. Encyclopaedia Britannica.[On- line]. Available at http://www.britannica.com/technology/traffic- control#toc64277. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
Krco and J. Krnic. (2008). “Impact of WSN Applications’ generated traffic on WCDMA access networks,” IEEE 19th International Symposium on Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications. [On-line]. Available: www.researchgate.net/publication/224357271. [November 30, 2015].
V. A. Fernandez .(2011, August 8). Feasibility Study and Design for Wireless Sensor Networks in a Space Environment, [On- line].Available: www.es.ewi.tudelft.nl/msc-theses/2011-Alvarez.pdf [November 30, 2015].
Singh. (2007, August). Real-Time Object Tracking Using Wireless Sensor Networks. [On-line]. Available: http://epubl.ltu.se/1653- 0187/2007/059/LTU-PB-E-07059-SE.pdf [November 30, 2015].
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