Seroepidemiology of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia in Northern and Central Parts of Kaduna State, Nigeria

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP), a disease of cattle caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subspecie mycoides Small Colony (MmmSC)  type  and  transmitted by infectious aerosol inhalation, is at present the  most  economically important livestock disease in Africa,

due to its considerable effects on production and rural economy. Nigeria suffers from CBPP directly through deaths of cattle,  and indirectly by exclusion from participation in international livestock products trade.

Even though past control efforts had reduced the incidence of CBPP  in  the  country,  the disease is presently endemic with most outbreaks  occurring in the Fulani pastoral herds  of the North where most of the cattle  are located.

CBPP  control is particularly difficult  in Nigeria due to lack of epidemiological data for sustained control measures which are currently estimated to cost 1.5 million US  Dollars annually.

This cross-sectional study  on 516 animals from 190 proportionately selected herds was designed to determine herd and animal level seroprevalence of CBPP,

identify risk  factors  for  seroprevalence  at both levels and the awareness of cattle owners about the  disease  in  Chukun, Giwa, Igabi, Kaduna South, Sabon Gari and Zaria Local Government Areas of Northern and Central parts of Kaduna state, Nigeria.

Introduction

1.1 Background of Study
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subspecie mycoides Small Colony (MmmSC)  variant,  is  a transboundary cattle  disease of great economic importance at both herd and  national stages (Mtui-Malamsha,  2009).

It is the only bacterial mentioned in list A (a list of diseases that pose a major threat to , thus requiring special international measures) of the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) (Provost et al., 1987; Egwu et al., 1996; Lefevre, 2000).

Although CBPP has been eradicated in the United States of America, Europe and some parts of Asia, its re-emergence  in Europe in  the  late 90s suggests that  the disease is still a threat to countries that have successfully eradicated it in the past.

CBPP is primarily a lung disease of cattle (Bos indicus and B. taurus)  transmitted  through inhalation of infectious by a susceptible animal (Provost et al., 1987).

The main reservoir of MmmSC is cattle, from which the organism has been recovered during both clinical disease (Kusiluka et al., 2000) and after recovery (Windsor and Masiga, 1977a).

Active cases are usually the source of new infections  and  spread  through cattle movements (Mariner et al., 2006).

Manifestation of CBPP shows a wide range of severity and signs (Provost et al., 1987).   It could vary from persistent coughing and laboured breathing as a result of pneumonia and pleurisy in adult animals to lameness in calves due to arthritis (FAO, 2008).

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