– The Hydrophysico-chemical and Bacteriological Studies of Gombe Area (Sheet 152 Ne), North-eastern Nigeria –
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ABSTRACT
Groundwater sampled from 20 hand dug wells of Gombe sheet 152 NE for the purpose of evaluating its quality for different uses, were obtained within the area bounded by latitude 11º09′ to 11º 27′ and longitude 10º15′ to 10º 27′ covering about 732.26 km2.
Gombe sheet 152 NE falls within the upper Benue trough and stratigraphically made up of five different formations namely; Bima Sandstone, Yolde , Pindiga, Gombe Sandstone and the Kerri-Kerri Formations.
Desk study which involved review of literatures and map, field studies such as reconnaissance survey, data gathering from the different agencies and laboratory studies by the federal ministry of Agriculture and water resources, Gombe regional water quality laboratory where qualitative and quantitative analysis was carried out using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) and Flame photometry.
RockWare Aq•QA spreadsheet for water analysis was utilized in the evaluation stage.
Three water types were determined from the study area and these include CaCl, Ca-HCO3 and NaCl. Total carbonate ranges from 27.393 mg/L to 239.27 mg/L and salinity hazard ranges from low (<250 µohm/cm) to medium (250 – 270 µohm/cm). No detrimental effects are expected on crop for waters with low salinity, while for medium salinity waters detrimental effects are expected only on crop that are sensitive to salinity. Dissolved solids range from <200 mg/L and 200 – 500 mg/L, Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Exchangeable Sodium Ratio (ESR) and Magnesium Hazard (MH) ranges from 0.832 – 4.13, 0.292 – 3.968 and 0.086 – 82 respectively.
INTRODUCTION
Water is essential to life and the largest available source of fresh water lies underground. As a result of its availability, different techniques for investigating the occurrence and movement of groundwater resources have been developed.
Thus, knowledge of groundwater which was once veiled in mystery has now grown rapidly in recent decade (Todd, 1980; Schoeneich, 2002). Today, even with the discovery of vast amount of groundwater, there is a concern about groundwater depletion and contamination.
There is therefore a strong need to understand, protect and manage the groundwater resources of an area wisely. Nearly all rural dwellers depend mainly on groundwater for their domestic supplies, which is an extensive reliance on diminishing resources.
On average water is being removed from the ground several rates higher than it is being replenished (Rex and Robert, 1993). The presence, depth of occurrence and quality of groundwater resources are often difficult to imagine and understand.
Although the general principles that determine the occurrence and characteristic of groundwater are well known, there is need to understand and document these with respect to Gombe sheet 152 NE, because of the extensive reliance of the people living in the area on the groundwater resources.
Hydrophysico-chemical and bacteriological study of the area is of great interest, whose availability and quality are directly influenced by the properties of the geological formations within which it occurs.
In the study area the physical and chemical nature of the formations vary from area to area creating a wide range of water yield and quality properties.
The variation in quality could be as a result of change in hydrochemical anomaly between the rocks of the different areas and the water flowing through them or may be due to many human activities going on in the area. These, together or individual could pose health hazards to the water consumers living in the area and variation in yield as a result as a result as variation of variation in aquifer characteristics.
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