The Influence of Media Campaigns on Vesico Vaginal Fistula Prevention and Control in North West Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
Vesico Vaginal Fistula is an abnormal communication between the urinary bladder and the vagina that result into constant involuntary discharge of urine into the vagina.
This research work evaluated the influence of media campaigns on Vesico Vaginal Fistula prevention and control in North West Nigeria.
In executing this study the researcher used explanatory mixed research method. Australian National Statistical Services (NSS) online calculator was used to draw a manageable sample size of 428 from the entire population of North Western Nigeria (35, 786, 944).
Three measuring instrument: questionnaire, interview and observation were used to generate both qualitative and quantitative data. Five research questions were raised and findings revealed that respondents are exposed to VVF campaigns in the region.
However, the level of exposure seem to be relatively high. It was equally found out that the knowledge level of the people of North West Nigeria on VVF is high. From the study it was also found that radio and seminar /workshop forms the major sources of information to the people.
The challenges associated with the use of the media in campaigns against VVF were as well discovered to include: language, frequency of the awareness campaigns and boring awareness progammes. The level of the influence of the campaigns on VVF prevention and control is moderately high.
Based on the findings the study recommends that the campaigns planners should ensure they use local languages during the campaigns, skilled counselors should be used during the seminars, the awareness campaign should inform the people on the consequences of early marriage.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page ………….i
Certification …..ii
Dedication ……..iii
Acknowledgements……iv
Table of Content ……..v
Abstract ……viii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study ………..1
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem …….4
1.3 Objectives of the Study ………….6
1.4 Research Questions ……….6
1.5 Significance of the Study ……….7
1.6 Scope of the Study ……….8
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms ……………8
References ……..10
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Focus of the Review ………12
2.1 An Overview of Vesico Vaginal Fistula …12
2.2 Causes of Vesico Vaginal Fistula ……………15
2.3 Psycho-Social Consequences of VVF on its Victim …24
2.4 Empirical Studies …………..27
2.5 Theoretical Frame work ……38
References ……………41
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design ………47
3.2 Population of the Study …..49
3.3 Sample Size …….49
3.5 Measuring Instruments ……..55
3.6 Validity and Reliability of Measuring Instrument ………56
3.7 Methods of Data Presentation and Analysis ………..57
References …………………….. 58
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Data Presentation and Analysis ……59
4.2 Discussion of Findings …….99
References …………….104
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary ……..105
5.2 Conclusion …………….107
5.3 Recommendations …………107
Biography …………110
Appendix ……………..I-VII
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Vesico-Vaginal Fistula (VVF) is a sub type of Obstetric Fistula. It is an abnormal disorder that occurs between the urinary bladder and the vagina.
This can lead to constant/involuntary discharge of urine into the vagina. It is associated with women alone; and can be caused by severe birth morbidity resulting from prolonged labour (Obstetric Fistula), severe sexual violence (Traumatic Fistula) or surgical errors (Iatrogenic Fistula).
This disorder in the urinary track causes deterioration in the tissues between the vagina and the bladder or rectum. This deterioration subjects women to great discomfort, pains and embarrasses women in the control of their urine or faeces.
However, while some women find support/help from families and friends, many others suffer from social isolation and most of these women are the impoverished members of the society (USAID, 2003, p. 1).
In addition to this, the report of the National Foundation on Vesico- Vagina Fistulae (2003,p.19) enumerates major causes of VVF in Nigeria which includes, prolonged labour due to cephalopelvic disproportion, the pelvic of the teenage not being fully developed as at pregnancy, making the pelvis often two small for the baby.
Prolonged labour of the baby’s head against the back of the pelvic bone produces ischemic necrosis of the intervening soft tissues (Andrew, 2011, p.13).
BIBLOGRAPHY
Ahmed, S, Creenga, A. & Tsui, A. (2007). The role of delayed child bearing in the prevention of obstetric fistulas. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics.2(3)5
Ahmed, S. & Holtz, S.A. (2007). Social and Economic Consequence of Obstetric Fistula: Life changed forever? International Journal of Gynecology and obstetrics. . 2,10
Akpeji, F. (2012). Vesico- Vaginal Fistula in northern Nigeria. Urogynaecologia International Journal, 2, 5
Andrew, O. (2011). Africa: The effect of VVF in Africa. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics.2, 6
Dodson, J.L, Gutman, R, &Mostwin, J. L. (2007). Complications of treatment of obstetric fistula in developing world: Gynastresia, urinary incontinence and urinary diversion. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 4,(2)223-225
Donnay, F. & Ramsey, K, (2007). Eliminating obstetric fistula: Progress in partnerships. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 4,(2)227-230
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