The organization was established in 1992 to provide the capital market with an integrated clearing, depository and settlement system. It commenced operation on Monday, 14th April, 1997. It was looked on-ling to the Routers Electronic Contributor System (ECS) through which our market information are disseminated globally.
TYPES OF SECURITIES `
Securities are primarily of two types: Debt and Equity
(a) Debt instrument are financially claims with an obligation by the issuer to pay interest at stated internals and to redeem the issue at a future date. The types available on the Nigerian stock market are divided into two groups.
(a) Federal government development stocks, Bonds or Gilt Edged
(b) Industrial loans, preference stacks and bonds federal government development stocks, bonds or Gilt edged are usually issued annually. They are long term loans with maturity ranging between 6-25 years. Industrial loans preferences stocks and bonds are corporate loan stocks that are standard forms for financing long term capital requirement. Sometimes there is no need to raise a charge on the assets of the firms an unsecured loan stock, may be issued if the financial propite of the firm is sound. At other times, the loan stock may be secured by a floating charge, specific change or even a general lien. The stock may be specific as to redemption date, thus the company has a definite number of years to plan the repayment, usually, there is a sinwing fund made up of specific periodic, amount set aside from profits to meet the repayment at maturity, Okereke Onyinke (1984)
Another feature is the tax shield effect of interest payment. Here, the interest that is paid on the loan stock is charged against the operating profit and so the cost of interest payment. Her, the interest that is played on the loan stocks is charged against the operating profit and so the cost of obtaining the fund is effectively reduced by the amount of tax sequel the cost of loan capital is further reduced when allowance is made for inflation says Philip Toyin (1983)
Although a company can raise its level of debts to the maximum of the directors borrowing powers, Modigliani and Miller (MM) 1958 however suggested that “the existence of tax advantage does not necessarily mean that corporation should at all times seek to use the maximum possible amount of debt in their capital structure” the limitation of high leverage are multi-dimensional coming form the lenders and the exchange in the process of preserving flexibility and a reduced risk impact .
Equity capital refers to the capital of the owners of the firms i.e. ordinary shares or common stocks the ownership of a share confers on the holder some rights including the right receive notices of meetings. These and other things are stated in the memorandum and articles of association of the modern company. The ordinary shareholders are entitled to any surplus of income in the company after the prior rights of creditors have been satisfied.
Odife O (1985) noted that equity claims are viewed as a source of permanent capital with no contractual payment by the firm for the company, the flexibility offered by equity as far as dividend payments, earnings and cash flows are uncertain, and its other potentiating are protection against the vulnerability which can occur as a result of a rapidly rising interest when the company’s debt /equity ratio rises. However the shareholders experts a specific after tax return from their investment and this is the minimum return which a company must seek to earn in order to fulfill the shareholders expectation. In respect of this, the exchange expects management to run the company in the interest of the shareholders and to enhance growth in Nigerian economy
In addition to the above, however, economic development is not achieved in a vacuum, the policy environment must be conducive and significant financial investment must be made in infrastructures development, including his construction of access roads, boreholes and provision of electricity
In line with the above, government of Nigeria had taken a bold step by abrogating the restrictive exchange control act 1962 and the Nigerian enterprise promotion decree 1989, and its replacement in 1995 with foreign exchange (monitoring and miscellaneous provision) decree 1995 and the Nigerian investment promotion commission decree 1995 respectively, we are beginning to notice an increasingly active foreign presence in our market process
Conclusively, there are indications that this trend will continue, all things being equal. Finally, many quoted companies have raised money in recent years, through rights and public offers. The Nigerian stock exchange has also been providing facilities for indigenous companies and foreign to raise long term capital to finance their expansion and modernization. Typical example is the recent pronouncement by the central bank of Nigeri
a to banks to increase their capital base to the tone of N25 billion by December, 2004.
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